“There’s going to be a fundamental rebalancing in terms of how we think about indoor spaces," Allen says. "I think people won’t tolerate sick buildings. That era is over. Rightly so, and good riddance.”
#HealthyBuildings
I see a lot of people - on both "sides" - making simple mistakes about masks. I've studied PPE, taught PPE, and overseen PPE programs, including teams implementing fit testing in hospitals, long before covid.
A thread
3. Cloth masks work, just not as well as high filtration masks
--> a 50% effective mask reduces inhaled dose by...50%
--> when two people where this level mask, the combined efficacy is 75%
It's wrong to say these "don't work"; correct to say they are "less effective" than N95
4. Surgical masks work
I cringe when I see 'experts' say these masks leak so they don't work. Yes, some aerosol escapes out the side, but direction of airflow matters. Reducing the plume in the speaker's cone of emissions as they directly interact with others is key. And...
Confused about N95, KF94, KN95, double-masking? You're not alone. Here is my 90-second explainer. Thanks to
@GreaterBoston
and
@jimbraude
for having me on.
8. One-way masking is fine
If you're vaccinated, and boosted, and wearing an N95, that's as low risk as anything in your life, *regardless of what anyone around you is doing*.
9. For the newly "N95 or bust" crowd, I have something that will blow your mind. You know there are even better masks than N95s, right? RIGHT??
Google "N100"
Cheers!
-end-
...when someone say surgical masks don't work in hospitals, they're ignoring the benefit of reducing the aerosol jet in front of the person and thinking of PPE in isolation, ignoring airflow dynamics in the space. N95s better? Sure, and should be norm for high-risk areas.
Our COVID-Busters are out in full force cleaning & disinfecting to make a safe return to the classroom possible.
Good luck to all NYC students & staff on your first day back!
#BacktoSchoolNYC
...in places with good ventilation and filtration, these 'escaped' aerosols out the side of the surgical mask dilute further before reaching someone. This is the exact situation in hospitals. So...
6. There is a hierarchy of controls
PPE is what we use as last resort. Note it is the 'least effective' control. Early in pandemic, we needed all. The vaccines moved us up the hierarchy. Masks were necessary as the bridge to the vaccines.
8 degrees in Boston. No outdoor activities at school.
My 9 year old: "So no mask breaks today? That's worse than freezing."
Don't tell me 2 years of masking doesn't impact kids. Their risk is low, vaccines avail for all adults and kids, anyone who wants can mask. It's time.
5. The benefit of mask depends on the 2 Fs: filtration and fit
Most spend their time focused on filtration, but fit is critical. I wrote on this in April *2020*. (You've heard of the 'Rainbow Passage' and 'user seal check', right? RIGHT??)
“It's the first time that the CDC has released a health-based ventilation target. It's evidence based, practical, feasible, and understandable. It can be achieved in buildings today, in offices, homes, schools, airports, and coffee shops.”
We're in big trouble. My Mom is in her 70s. Doc told her not to get vaccine:
"99% of people fight off COVID, but vaccine only 93% effective"
"hasn't been tested for safety"
"haven't gotten it yet, so you must be protected" (she's locked down since March!?!)
This is malpractice.
Study in Norway tested *all* contacts of 5 to 13 year olds with covid. They conclude "transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children under 14 years of age was minimal in primary schools in Oslo and Viken, the 2 counties with the highest COVID-19 incidence"👇
Side note: On masks (and all controls), I think there is a danger of being on 'red alert' all the time. Pandemic is not like a hurricane where event happens and you march steadily toward recovery. Rather, it ebbs and flows. Controls should, too.
When risk was low (eg, NE in spring, summer, fall), so many stayed on DEFCON1. (Remember folks advocating for vaxxed to mask in VT when hosp <1/100,000 b/c they relied on CDCs flawed metrics which said ‘substantial risk’??) Set us up for failure this winter. Control fatigue.
I study the impact of CO2 on human health so I figured I would weigh in on this JAMA article purporting to show masks create high and unsafe CO2 exposures for kids. (spoiler alert: they don't)
(I'm not linking to the study because I'm certain it will be retracted)
THREAD
This is why I didn't write about everyone needing an N95 until winter 2021. In my assessment, 3-layer or surgical masks were fine for the risk we faced. Alpha changed this for me.
(I brought back in the 'Rainbow Passage' and 'user seal check' (fit!))
I'm not on Team 'Open Schools'
I'm not on Team 'Close Schools'
I'm on Team 'GET YOUR SHIT TOGETHER AND PUT IN THE CONTROLS WE HAVE BEEN OUTLINING SINCE JUNE'
When we see things like this that are so fully detached from the scientific evidence we really need to be asking where this is coming from. Who is advising these schools?
Historic day. For 40 years we've been saddled with bare minimum ventilation standards that were not designed for health. Today, CDC released the 1st ever federal guidance on higher ventilation standards, and ASHRAE also released a doc for public comment🧵
“The kindergarten crisis of last year, when millions of 5-year-olds spent months outside of classrooms, has become this year’s reading emergency.”
All of this was predictable, predicted, and preventable.
7. Set control strategy (eg, masking) based on risk
Two key risk factors are vax status and age. We continue to ignore this when setting control strategy, and instead opted for 'one size fits all'.
Two of the most important determinants of COVID-19 risk are age and vax status. Imagine ignoring this when analyzing data, offering policy advice, setting control strategies...
Source: CDC
Crystal clear messaging from the White House:
"The most common way COVID-19 is transmitted from one person to another is through tiny airborne particles of the virus hanging in indoor air for minutes or hours after an infected person has been there."
Confused about N95, KF94, KN95, double-masking? You're not alone. Here is my 90-second explainer. Thanks to
@GreaterBoston
and
@jimbraude
for having me on.
New CDC data on hospitalization rates
—> hosp rate for a vaccinated adult is the same as unvaccinated teenager (4.4 v 5.4 per 100,000)
—> hosp rate for vaccinated teenager is 4 per MILLION
The risk to kids is very low. When will we absorb this info into decision-making?
I don’t understand all the shaming over WHCA. All vaxxed. All boosted. All tested. Anyone who wanted could mask. (Or could stay home)
Shouldn’t we be lifting this up as an example of how to do events? The vaccines work, right? Same w tests? (And, yes, one-way masking works, too)
My 'cheat sheet' on masks:
1⃣N95 (if you can find)
2⃣KF94 (S. Korea)
3⃣KN95s (*only* if manufacturer holds a 'NIOSH Certificate')
4⃣ double-mask (cloth mask on top of surgical)
5⃣ surgical mask
6⃣ cloth mask that fits well
Important details here👇
Want to *see* why airflow and ventilation are important in schools?
I've been working on this project with
@nytimes
and colleagues at
@JarosBaumBolles
for the past few months. Great to see it out in the world.
NEW: Update from
@nycHealthy
on NYC's BA.2 wave.
Shows hospitalizations remain low but starting to rise—for the unvax'd. They're now *37.8* times more likely to be hospitalized than vax'd NYers.
One thing remains true through all the ups & downs of this pandemic: VACCINES WORK.
For me, I updated my recs on masks again once vaccines were widely available, to account for the change in risk to those who are vaccinated (and still recommended masks for unvaccinated)
CDC boxed themselves in bc they never addressed the two out-of-date metrics they use to guide masking: cases and test positivity. They set these pre-vaccine, pre-booster, pre-rapid test. They’re flawed - and biased - indicators of community spread and risk. Governors leading.
“The original sin of the pandemic was the failure to recognize airborne transmission,” says Harvard professor Joe Allen. He believes this lag in understanding cost tens of thousands of lives in the U.S.
The vaccines work, right? And N95s work, right? Or did I miss something? If vaxxed/boosted, severe risk is low. If doesn't feel safe, wear N95 mask (they're very good.) A lot of the messaging out there getting awfully close to anti-vax/anti-mask...
If you're @-ing me that my piece is somehow reckless b/c I propose an off-ramp for school masking, but you haven't offered an alternative, you're kind of proving my point.
CDC is most at fault here: they set adult mask off-ramp (albeit w/ flawed metrics) but not one for kids??
"Popcorn Lung" was coined when workers at a microwave popcorn packaging facility developed the disease after inhaling diacetyl, one of the chemicals used to create fake butter flavor. Diacetyl, and its many chemical cousins, create candy flavors, too. Fine to ingest; dangerous to…
Popcorn lung, or bronchiolitis obliterans, is a chronic lung disease that causes coughing and shortness of breath that worsens with exercise. Click the photo to read the full article now. ⬇️
When we opened windows, even just six inches, we consistently saw air-exchange rates above the “excellent” target of five air changes per hour
Opening windows sounds too simple to be true
Hand-washing isn’t complicated either
But they work
Note from Boston-based, very liberal friend, regarding kids school day closures, canceling after school activities while adults carry on, seeing what it’s doing to their child and friends:
“The mass destruction of psychological health is the big public health story.”
"an unvaccinated 10-year-old, who may look like the very picture of COVID vulnerability heading into the school year, faces a lower mortality risk than a vaccinated 25-year-old, whom we might today regard as close to safe as can be" -
@dwallacewells
The P-town study was not a study that should have been used as the basis for an abrupt change to national policy.
It had (at least) three major issues:
1. exposure misclassification
2. generalizability
3. weak proxies
🧵
SCHOOLS. It’s not too late, it’s not too hard, and it’s not too expensive to improve air quality in your classroom
—> portable air cleaner with HEPA filter
—> size it right for your room
—> place close to center as possible
—> turn it on
EASY details in thread
Aerosols are driving Covid-19 transmission. The evidence is incontrovertible.
We found:
--> almost 90% of within-room transmission by aerosol
--> about 40% due to 'long range' aerosol (within-room, beyond 6 feet)
Ventilation/Filtration matter. A lot.
#HealthyBuildings
"just about every building you’ve ever walked into is underventilated with low levels of filtration. That’s b/c the standard that governs ventilation rates is a bare minimum not designed for health."
We need Operation Warp Speed for clean *indoor* air
🧵
Colleagues/journalists: this study on kids and diabetes that’s going around is really bad. Jump to the section w the 4 limitations they list and you’ll see what I mean in one second. It’s not the usual minor stuff. Eye-popping.
Careful with this study on diabetes. Worth skipping ahead to the limitations section…
1. Single ICD code
2. Differential exposure misclassification
3. No covariates (obesity?!)
4. only included those seeking care + insured
(actually a great teaching case for EPI 101!)
"It may be the biggest takeaway from the pandemic." Indoor Air. Airborne Transmission. Healthy Buildings. On
@60Minutes
. Sunday. (!)
@DrLaPook
@linseymarr
When COVID-19 surfaced in 2020, the medical field missed something, and it cost lives.
Airborne viruses can travel much further than originally thought. To curb infection, we should have focused on indoor air systems.
@DrLaPook
reports, Sunday.
The GOOD: CDC supports improving ventilation in schools
The BAD: it's buried in their new guidance
The SOLUTION: let's unbury it and make sure every school knows about it!
--thread--
Great question from
@jdickerson
last night that *everyone* should be asking about schools:
"So, Joe, if it's not that hard to do, not super expensive, better health outcomes and better schooling outcomes, what's up, why hasn't this money been spent?"
New study on classroom ventilation
—> “Every 1 L/s per person increase in ventilation rate decreased the annual absence rate by 5.59 days”
@WargockiPawel
The rapid test debacle infuriates me more than any other of our other blunders (yes, even ventilation, if you can believe it...). Just so obvious, so needed, so helpful, so easy, so cheap.
Why didn't this happen in the US is the question we need to be asking...
Reporters: might be worth exploring *why* there are so many more tests approved in Europe than the US. Who is/are the gatekeeper(s) in the US preventing us from having more of these rapid tests? Is this keeping supply low, and prices artificially high?
A vaccinated 16-year old in Vermont should be required to wear a mask in school?
VERMONT
------------
DEATHS: 0
HOSP: <1 PER 100,000
CASES: 2 per 100,000
VACCINATED: 85% over age 12
The movement toward real-time indoor air quality monitoring is growing.
--> Boston and Denver public schools have real-time IAQ monitoring
--> NYC and Mass working on legislation to require it
--> Amazon rolled this out globally in corporate offices
For. Deep. Cleaning.
"The Detroit school district is moving to remote instruction for three Fridays in December in an effort to slow the spread of COVID and give the staff time to deep clean schools."
That's it. I quit.
How long are we going to keep failing kids? We have every tool we need to keep kids and adults safe in schools. The know-how has been there for 16 months, same with the money. We now have rapid tests and vaccines, too.
Gross failure of leadership.
We are still not doing right by the 15M who got the JNJ vaccine. After they were told ‘take the first shot that comes your way”, they were then ignored.
In case this helps others…People *very* close to me who got JNJ as first shot followed it with an mRNA booster.
The original sin was the failure to recognize airborne transmission
"the early clues were obvious...nearly all spread indoors...and superspreading events w 90% attack rates that could not possibly be explained by droplets or everyone touching the same elevator button"
#WHIAQ
On risk to children.
Q: It’s as low or even lower than risks we’ve already accepted like the seasonal flu or common cold? Is that accurate?
A: That’s right, it’s incredibly small. Their chances of a bad outcome if they get COVID is extraordinarily small.
Boston wastewater thru 1/10 (🧵)
-that peak and steep drop I wrote about 3 days ago? it's happening as expected, and right on schedule
-great news; hopeful this brings relief to Boston area healthcare system and healthcare workers
-now a familiar pattern w/ Omicron
One-way masking works.
"For anyone who fears moving away from universal masking, the great news is that they can continue to wear an N95 mask — along with being vaccinated and boosted — and live a low-risk life regardless of what others around them are doing."
If someone you follow is gloating/celebrating/smirking/gleeful at the news CDC Director got covid, that should tell you everything you need to know about them and their character. (Professors doing this. Truly cannot believe it.)
We are on the verge of an indoor air quality revolution, and it could be among the most important public health victories of the 21st century.
My thoughts on the latest ventilation targets released by CDC and ASHRAE.
Hospitalizations are *NOT* increasing in adolescents, as is being widely reported.
Not sure why CDC cut the data at April 24 in this new June 4 report. Current data are avail through the end of May (?), and it tells a different story...
LEFT: end of May
RIGHT: end of April
1/n
If you’re not outraged we don’t have these rapid tests yet, you’re not paying attention.
$1
paper-based
at home
15 min result
Not a pipe dream - these exist
Thanks to
@michaelmina_lab
for his work informing the public.
#RapidTestsNow
Current ventilation rates are not designed for Covid-19 (or any other respiratory pathogen)
That's why our Lancet Covid-19 Commission Task Force on Safe Work/School/Travel published this report.
🧵
I’m at an in-person buildings conference today and love what they’re doing to address different comfort levels.
First: all vaxxed.
Second: the color of your badge signals your comfort level:
🟢 handshakes ok
🟡 elbow bumps and some distance
🔴 keep extra distance, please
The crisis kids face at this point is not the virus, but the cost of many years of disrupted school. The overriding goal should be to maximize time in the classroom and make school look and feel much like it did before the pandemic started
Me for
@nytimes
The hospitalization rate for vaccinated school-aged kids, during the peak of the Omicron surge in New York, is 2-3 per million.
Source: NYS Dept of Health, January 7 report
This article I wrote w
@jenkinshelen
focused on forcing ourselves to ask a hard question: "What are our goals?"
We used masks as one example, but could've used others
In this thread I'll use Yale and their 99% vaxxed to ask "What are Yale's goals?"
1/n
During peak of Omicron in NYS, risk of hosp for unvaxxed kid is ~1/100,000. Risk to vaxxed is 2-3 per million. Plus, vax avail for all adults for 9+ months. On top of that, anyone who wants to wear mask can and should - one-way masking works.
Thank you
@ErinBurnett
@OutFrontCNN
This is indoors, unmasked. If you think this is totally fine for the vaccinated Mayor of Boston (as I do; happy birthday
@wutrain
!), we should ask why vaxxed kids or teachers in school need to be masked, or why office workers in fully vaxxed office need to be masked…
A thread from
@TheLancet
@CovidCommission
on school closures:
--> 195 countries closed schools during the pandemic, affecting more than 1·5 billion children and young people and posing enormous long-term and unrecoverable costs to them, their parents, and the economy.
🧵1/n
For the record, here's the perspective about airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 that
@linseymarr
and I submitted to three different medical journals starting 18 March 2020. Rejected *without review* everywhere. Eventually published in Indoor Air in July.
Higher ventilation rates in schools associated with better math test scores.
This study, and many more, in the Harvard Healthy Buildings program report, "Schools for Health":
How is it that the vast majority of the $170 BILLION in **EMERGENCY** funding for schools, incl for infrastructure improvement, has not been spent?
eg, as of May, LA “hasn’t spent **ANY** of the $2.57 billion in American Rescue Plan money it received last year.”
As Harvard’s Allen has written, “For anyone who fears moving away from universal masking, the great news is that they can continue to wear an N95 — along with being vaxxed/boosted — and live a low-risk life regardless of what others around them are doing.”
SARS-CoV-2 spreads thru the air
There is little, if any, outdoor transmission (not even in large groups)
How do you make indoors more like outdoors?
--> VENTILATION
It's easy
🧵
This is an embarrassment for our field. People are that afraid to hear a panel discussion with someone they disagree with, so they attack her relentlessly, activate their followers, and create such a hostile environment that she is forced to withdraw??
And…ventilation + filtration
Come on, already - it’s been 18 months of us saying this, with indisputable evidence that this is a respiratory virus that spreads through the air, nearly entirely indoors and in underventilated spaces. (Another) missed opportunity.
Today,
@nytimes
and
@latimes
featured our message to all Americans. It’s urgent that we take the scientifically proven measures to protect our children:
- Get vaccinated. 💉
- Wear masks, especially in schools. 😷
- Social distance and wash hands. 🤲