Took some time last week to focus on my own learning gaps regarding DIGOXIN 💊
What are its 2 main indications?
How does it work for those indications?
How do we monitor toxicity and how do we treat?
This is what I've learned, in a tweetorial🧵(graphic at the end!) /1
Spent yesterday reviewing some common coagulation 🩸labs and their interpretations.
Here is a graphic I made as a refresher🙂
Keep reading for a few additional points on PT and PTT. /1
First time on the wards as a senior resident this week, with
@ShreyaTrivediMD
as my attending (talk about pressure to impress)!
I'm prepping a talk to my interns on Acute Kidney Injury. Here is a tweetorial 🧵 on how I think about AKI. Take-home graphics at the end!😀 /1
I am fascinated by Right❤️Catheterizations and wish I had learned how to interpret its results earlier than I did in my intern year.
Sharing some of the lessons I've been taught in this graphic (thanks to
@ShreyaTrivediMD
for extensive feedback and support)!
First let’s review🚨SHOCK: a state of decreased perfusion enough to cause end organ damage (AKI, mental status change, elevated LFTs etc).
Not all shock requires a low blood pressure, but thinking about shock in terms of low MAP can be helpful to organize its etiologies 👇
/2
Thanks for following along! 🙂
Hope you enjoyed this thread as much as I enjoyed making it. Shoutout to
@BIDMC_IM
PCCM Dr Ginny Brady for her feedback!
/END
Dobutamine and milrinone are ino-dilators: they ⬆️ inotropy while⬇️SVR. This can be useful in structural cardiogenic ♥️ shock when poor cardiac output is the issue and afterload reduction is key to offloading the heart.
See how these compare to other pressors 👇
/8
Norepinephrine is usually🥇first-line in vasodilatory shock, e.g. septic shock. It acts primarily on alpha 1 (+ some beta 1) receptors resulting in vasoconstriction with mild inotropy.
Great for Low SVR states like sepsis!
👇snapshot of
@SCCM
Surviving Sepsis Guidelines /5
Phenylephrine is a pure alpha 1 agonist, offering vasoconstriction without any inotropy. In fact it can often cause reflex bradycardia. Ideal for Afib RVR with hypotension, in situations where cardioversion 🌩️fails or is not feasible.
/11
Lastly, remember that NOT all shock should be managed with pressors.
🥤Resuscitate Hypovolemia.
🛠️Fix Obstruction.
💊Treat hypothyroidism or adrenal insufficiency.
🧐Consider mixed etiologies.
/14
Contrast w/ Vasopressin, a pure vasoconstrictor by V1 receptor agonism and common adjunct to Norepi.
VASST trial found no overall mortality difference in septic shock between Norepi + Vaso compared to Norepi alone…but did find benefit among 1 subgroup: less severe sepsis. /6
I've been spending this month on the infectious disease service🦠and thinking more deeply about a favorite antibiotic on the wards...vancomycin!
Why do we use it and when does it *actually* work? Sharing what I've learned in a🧵 1/n
#medtwitter
#medstudenttwitter
Limitations to pressor effectiveness include acidosis and hypocalcemia, both of which can impair cardiac contractility and vascular tone. Acidosis can also decrease binding of vasopressors to their receptors.
/13
Aside: monitoring progress on ino-dilators while also adjusting other cardiac meds can be tricky.
A right heart cath can be helpful here (remember those? throwback!) 👀 /9
I am fascinated by Right❤️Catheterizations and wish I had learned how to interpret its results earlier than I did in my intern year.
Sharing some of the lessons I've been taught in this graphic (thanks to
@ShreyaTrivediMD
for extensive feedback and support)!
There's some exciting language in Congress' 5500+ page appropriations bill re: funding for new residency spots!
From what I gather, this bill funds 1000 new positions (200/year) starting FY2023.
One step towards addressing health equity & an impending physician shortage
1/5
In summary, recall what we discussed:
🫀Types of shock by mechanism (HR x SV x SVR = MAP)
💊Pressor choices based on that mechanism
🧐Limitations of pressor efficacy
See summary graphic, next. /15
⭐️Knowing the underlying mechanism of shock informs our selection of pressors/inotropes, which can help correct low cardiac output or low SVR.
Let’s try some cases!
/3
Digoxin indirectly⬆️baroreceptor sensitivity which ⬆️vagal tone, + prolongs AV node refractory period! This works best when pts are sedentary.
Making Dig a rate control option in atrial or supraventricular tachycardias, esp in decompensated HF when BB or CCB contraindicated /4
Case 1: Older man with hx diabetes admitted with several days of dysuria and lethargy. Vitals: T 101, BP 90/40, HR 110. Lactate 4. Urine cultures grow E coli 🦠. Abx started. BP unchanged after fluids. Which pressor would you start ⁉️
/4
🚨Some caveats:
GFR can only be measured in steady state, so by definition you CANNOT determine GFR in the middle of an AKI 📈
💊 Some common drugs can impair creatinine secretion, mimicking an AKI without actual renal injury. Pip-Tazo, TMP-SMX are some examples.
/4
@TxicMegacolon
@UWO_Gen_Sx_PD
I'm not a surgeon (just a
@TxicMegacolon
fan!), but here is a helpful graphic by Dr
@VectorSting
that paints this bigger, more worrisome picture.
As COVID19 cases begin to stabilize, we must be prepared for the aftershocks
Final Case 3: a young woman develops afib RVR, rate to 150s with BP 80s/50s. Altered😵💫. Rate unresponsive to fluids or beta blockade. Cardioversion did not work and Cards fellow is 10 minutes away🕔.
Which pressor could you use to help stabilize MAP?
/10
Any of the above!
@goKDIGO
defines AKI as any one of those three criteria. Which means...
You can have an AKI with a "normal" creatinine. It all depends on your baseline! /3
Think of the mnemonic A.E.I.O.U.
Any one of these should prompt a phone call to your neighborhood nephrologist👩⚕️(and perhaps preparation to place a central HD line) /6
✅ just like that, my 1 month Medicine Acting Internship is over.
This has hands down 👏 been my favorite course so far in med school.
Grateful for the learning, laughs and confirmation. 🥳
#InternalMedAllTheWay
#IMProud
#StudentDoctor
@DrPess
1. I'm Matt and I'm a rising M4 at
@UVMLarnerMed
and aspiring internist.
2. Current hobbies include podcasting, making spoken word videos, and exploring Ben & Jerry's ice cream flavors (in vermonter style).
Thanks to soccer star
@karabachev
for the tag! I'm tagging
@sambepstein
Digoxin Toxicity presents as:
Hyperkalemia - because it ❌ the Na/K pump
Bradycardia or heart block - because ⬆️vagal tone
Tachyarrhythmias because of its inotropic effect ⚡️
GI Upset (most common), Vision changes
If we are concerned for toxicity, how would we treat? /8
This relates to digoxin's more well-known mechanism, inhibition of the Na/K ATPase Pump! This process drives up intracellular calcium stores, which⬆️ inotropy.
In other words, digoxin is a potential inotropic agent in HFrEF with NYHA III/IV symptoms despite standard GDMT /6
The good news is we have a targeted antidote: Digoxin specific antibody fragments!
Indications for this include unstable arrhythmias and hyperkalemia >5. /9
✅ 4th year AIs complete
✅ Step 2 CK
✅ ERAS certified & submitted
I’m anxious but excited for one of the most unusual residency application seasons in modern history.
Time to zoom forward. Let’s do this! 🎙👨💻
#match2021
#IMProud
@TravisABenson
Hey
#MedStudentTwitter
! I’m a rising M4 and native Californian studying in Vermont 😎
Passionate about Internal Med, Med education
Co-host of Green Mountain Medicine podcast ()!
Country music fan 🎶 and happy foodie
The second (less common) indication for digoxin:
HFrEF with NYHA III or IV symptomatology (ie severe symptoms with exertion or symptoms at rest).
🚨Caveat: this is a second-line agent, to be considered AFTER all standard GDMT /5
Decompensated heart failure❤️🔥can cause AKI from vascular congestion 🚦 limiting circulating blood volume - it's still pre-renal!
And our kidneys respond the same way to HF as they would to hypovolemia: by concentrating urine (which is a helpful clue!) /10
Here is where more specialized testing like urine microscopy can be super helpful.
Learn how to spin the urine or ask Nephro Bros like
@themarcusfoo
and
@immaculatedensa
to help you. /15
If you made it this far, I hope you enjoyed this virtual chalk talk. Credits to
@jwilliamMD
and
@LaurenBurdine
for feedback on my take-home graphics (scroll down to see)!
Got feedback for me? Send me a DM or drop it in the comments! /17
Obviously, prevention is🔑 How?
✅Check digoxin level (does not correlate to toxicity well, but can determine compliance)
🧪Check electrolytes (hypoK ⬆️toxicity risk)
🚨Beware drug interaction
🫘 Monitor kidney fx (hence digoxin less commonly used outpt)
❤️EKG, telemetry /10
Dropped a new podcast episode today w/
@healthvermont
commissioner &
@ACPinternists
fellow Dr. Mark Levine, on his experience combatting
#COVID19
in VT as a physician in gov't. Humbled & inspired by his words.
Listen w/ ApplePodcast🔹Spotify🔹GooglePlay🔹 .
He's diagnosed with acute interstitial nephritis (a topic for another day).
You stop the ibuprofen and his creatinine returns to baseline. You are inspired to become a nephrologist at
@BID_NephFellows
🥳Great job! /16
@karenerrichetti
1. I’m Matt! 4th year Med student in VT, podcaster and aspiring internist / Med educator
2. Most recent pandemic goal has been to sample more Ben&Jerry ice cream flavors (call it the Vermont experience) 🍨
3.
@JennaDafgek
@therealtwoodin
Back in May, I tweeted about MS4 Report: a
#MedEd
Project I helped launch to engage
@UVMLarnerMed
students as we were pulled off service in the setting of COVID19.
#MedTwitter
Our work has since been published in Medical Science Educator 😃
🧵below
1/8
But what do those mean? Let's agree on some definitions and then walk through a case together!
🩸Pre-renal: poor circulating blood volume
🌊Renal: intrinsic nephron injury
🪨Post-renal: urinary obstruction (distal to kidneys)
/8
Did my first shave biopsy today. Of course, not on a human but an 🍊. Nevertheless, I’m happy I can look back and say my first derm patient was a cutie.
#medtwitter
#hisnameisOJ
In someone more stable who doesn't meet those criteria, we have some more time to investigate potential causes of that AKI.
I was taught to group AKI into 3 buckets🪣
⬇️Pre-renal
⬇️Renal
⬇️Post-renal
/7
@DrPess
1. Hi! I’m an MS4 in Vermont and co-host of the
@ACP_Vermont
podcast “Green Mountain Medicine”
2. Remembering first time doing a paracentesis 🥳 🌊
3.
@SoujanyaK95
In summary:
We started with 3 questions.
❓Digoxin indications
❓Mechanism(s)
❓Sx and Rx of Toxicity
Take a moment to recall what we covered. Answers (in a graphic!) next.
Thank you to
@AdamRodmanMD
and
@ShreyaTrivediMD
and
@jasonmatosmd
for their feedback on this🧵! /end
@TravisABenson
Hey! My name is Matt. I’m an MS3 at LCOM at UVM, interested in
#internalmedicine
and MedEd! I split my free time between working on my podcast “Green Mountain Medicine” and looking for Asian food in Vermont
@karenerrichetti
Love this time of the week! Hey everyone! 1. I’m Matt, M4 student, podcaster and aspiring internist.
2. Celebrating stronger family connections post-quarantine (despite living on opposite coasts)
3. Tagging
@SeanPMeagher
@therealtwoodin
@JennaDafgek
:)
Attending: “it was great working with you! Any questions?”
Me: “Thanks! Feedback for me?”
Attending: “Work on your shoulder strength”
In other words, after a 7 hour long operation today, my most valuable take home lesson was the surgeon’s translation of “do you even lift?”
There we have it. A graphic reviewing PT/PTT and 3 examples of related abnormalities. Let me know what you think!
Thank you
@AaronDunnMD
@jlberrymd
for valuable feedback on that infographic!
/END
A classic post-renal example! Urinary tract obstruction and pressure buildup causing upstream injury
🌊 Think about functional vs. structural causes
🚨 Do not be fooled by overflow incontinence. If you suspect obstruction, get the bladder/renal ultrasound.
/12
“How can we use this to make something better of our situation?”
Finally got my
@Vot_ER_org
kit in the mail! Excited to help my patients register to vote + find a seat at the table.
#MedTwitter
friends, get your kit for FREE at ✅
Not only is factor VIII the only factor not made by the liver, but this factor ⬆️ to compensate for liver disease related coagulopathy.
Hence a compensated, normal PTT (absent severe liver disease). Isn't that cool?!
/5
There are a lot of good things about working at the Boston VA, but a highlight is working with residents and med students from across different programs!! And a special feature from soon-to-be chief resident at BIDMC
@thematttsai
!
@BrighamMedRes
@BMCimRES
@BIDMC_IM
@tony_breu
@emily_fri
Dr Jeffrey William at BIDMC has a great module on hyponatremia, with a framework on how to approach and differentiate among its many causes. I’ve been using it this month to teach MS2s during their renal course. Worth looking into!
Our patient recovers and follows up in clinic 2 weeks later. He shares he had a gout flare🔥after discharge, but this slowly improved with some ibuprofen💊.
But his creatinine has doubled and urine microscopy🔬is below (taken from
@UpToDate
) /13
In the last 7 days I:
💪Got my 2nd COVID vaccine shot
♥️ Performed 1st synchronized cardioversion
📜Certified my
#match2021
rank list and
⌛️ Turned 26 while repairing a scalp laceration
My remaining goals include match day, graduation & achieving EM doc skill level with POCUS🤞
Don't forget to register for this year's
@SocietyGIM
New England & Mountain West Regional Conference!
Virtual, on November 6-7, featuring great sessions like keynote address from Dr.
@UREssien
on "Bending the Arc Towards Justice in Health."
Register at:
That's it! Thanks for reading all of this. Hope you found it helpful.
I've got a personal interest in medical education so please let me know if you have feedback for me (DM or comment!) :)
16/n
Welcome to our newest
@BIDMC_IM
class! We are so excited for you to join us in Boston from medical schools all across the country and a big congratulations to all on
#Match2023
!
Recall that PT and PTT measure clotting times relating to the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade, respectively.
From this, elevated PT or PTTs in patients with specific factor deficiencies or inhibitors can be easily predicted 😎 /2
Humbled & honored for this new role in the amazing field that is
#internalmedicine
. I’m looking forward to working with
@SocietyGIM
NE and
@ACP_Vermont
to represent med students, residents and fellows throughout our training.
#IMProud
Major congratulations to Vermont ACP Council Member
@thematttsai
for his selection as Associate Representative for SGIM New England! Strong work to represent the field of Internal Medicine on so many fronts. We know you'll do a fantastic job!
#IMProud
#SGIM
#medstudenttwitter
2⃣ Citrate is also present in pRBCs and can cause hypocalcemia during massive transfusion. That hypocalcemia will inhibit clotting -> prolonged bleeding, more transfusions -> worse hypocalcemia 🚨
Break the cycle. Monitor calcium levels and replete.
/8
@JeanMoorjani
Hi everyone! I’m Matt, MS4 at UVM applying
#internalmedicine
for Match 2021!
My Q to former applicants is: what components of a program do you think are most telling of a supportive culture (workload/backup schedule, interactions btw residents, wellness events)? 🤔 Thanks!
@Marina__Haque
I was just asking the same thing on Twitter!
My institution restricts student involvement with COVID19 patients, but there must be other ways we can help to offload the burden for the rest of our clinical team.
Continuing with the case➡️You start IV diuretics and his heart failure exacerbation, including his AKI, resolves. 😃
But on hospital day 3, he becomes oliguric. Bladder is enlarged on ultrasound. He realizes he forgot to mention tamsulosin as a home med💊. What's going on? /11
@karenerrichetti
Third year (soon to be 4th!) Med student interested in internal medicine, foodie and budding podcast co-host.
Tagging classmate and twitter newbie
@thesethwolf
to join the party :)
@karenerrichetti
I'm Matt, incoming M4 at Larner Med at UVM. I like writing and recording spoken word videos. Nervously started a youtube channel last month (you can check out my latest piece at )!
Tagging talented twitter classmate
@sambepstein
.
@JeanMoorjani
1. Interested in Internal Medicine!
2. I have not seen it yet! Definitely on the list now that it’s on Disney+
3. Everything & the reaction of friends who have already seen it a half dozen times
4. Like
@JennaDafgek
😆
I could not have asked for a better dream team to co-TA the
@UVMLarnerMed
Cardio, Respiratory & Renal preclinical course this month.
🙌 Shout out to Michael Weber & Bridget Moore for being true teammates, from review sessions to daily color schemes & everything between.
I’m no Cardiologist, but even I picked up some learning points after being on the inpt heart failure service for the past 5 wks 🤷♀️🫀 - A series of “🦪 📿” on a variety of heart failure topics for the internist.
First one is on GDMT in HFpEF!
#MedTwitter
#CardioTwitter
@Marina__Haque
I'm Matt! Rising M4 in Vermont :)
I co-host an internal medicine podcast called Green Mtn Medicine (). We're working on a COVID19 episode to inform ppl on COVID19 (pathophys, epidemiology, Dx workup, new Rx and trials etc).
#Students_Against_COVID
It generally only covers gram-positive organisms. Why? 🤔
Glycopeptides like Vanc are BIG, which isn't a problem for gram➕bugs w/cell walls on the outside. But the cell walls of gram➖bugs are🥪'ed between 2 membranes with a porin entryway. In other words, Vanc can't fit.
5/n