I made a short
#J
ász
#Ossetic
dictionary of the attested vocabulary here with
#Iron
and
#Digoron
equivalents. Check it out. Most of this is from Németh’s work (cf. quoted tweet for the reference), but I’ve added a few modifications and suggestions.
Picked this up today. The only remaining word list of the
#Ossetian
dialect of the
#J
ász from Hungary before they got assimilated, compiled and deciphered by Németh Gyula.
I'll be tweeting on this the next few days as I go through the chapter snail-ily with my rusty German.
I find it so fascinating how mountains clearly block the spread of peoples and languages. In the Indian subcontinent, the Himālaya sharply dilineate Indo-Aryan- and Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations. In the Middle East, the Zagros has prevented Iranic and Turkic expansion ...
We gotta solve all problems of Egyptian historical phonology by then so that we can call the gods properly in their language at the precise exact moment.
An old lady on the train is reading Haspelmath 2002, Understanding Morphology.
I asked her if she’s a linguist and her answer is “not yet, but I’m learning”.
Love people who read academic books on trains like they were a novel. That’s my ethnic group.
This is what worries me the most. :( The Taliban and their local Islamist supporters will try to wipe out Kalash culture, much like the Nuristani religion was wiped out in the late 19th c. by Afghans.
TTP has announced that they have entered Chitral in a huge number. FYI the Kalash people are a small religious and ethnic minority of Pakistan. The Kalash religion is polytheist faith. In the past, the locals have complained about Tablighis to have tried to convert them.
What’s the rice discourse?
Many Indian subcontinental languages, especially those spoken by rice-eating ethnic groups, lexically distinguish between unhusked rice grains, husked but uncooked rice grains and cooked rice. E.g.,
Bengali dʰān, čāl, bʰāt
Kashmiri dānʸɨ, tomul, batɨ
They wrote the same thing 4 times in Dēvanāgarī because one is supposed to be “Hindi”, one “Marathi”, one “Sanskrit” or something, and I don’t even know the fourth. 😆
Butterfly effect led from this video to me getting upset knowing that the westernmost non-Austronesian language of what is now Indonesia — a “Papuan” language — called Tambora went extinct in 1815 when Mt. Tambora erupted.
That makes this the only “Papuan” language I know of ...
Tibetan should have the same reputation as Arabic. A classical variant frozen by religion dating to the early middle ages, and numerous “dialects” diverged from it.
Not gonna lie, /ˈɲɔkːi/ being theoretically approximated by */ˈjnʌkɪj/ and then metathesized to /ˈjʌŋkɪj/ to maintain phonotactical constraints has to be up there amongst my favorite language things ever. Good job Yunkie-woman.
You can create loads of near-intelligible Lithuanian–Sanskrit sentence-pairs with only basic grammar.
Naktyjè, dúosime dúoną dievų̃ dantìms.
Náktau, dāsyā́mō dʱānā́ṁ dēvā́nāṁ dántēbʱyaḣ.
“At night, we shall give bread (Lithuanian)/grain (Sanskrit) to the teeth of the gods.”
I'm by no means the first person to do this but still quite chuffed to have come up with this pair of parallel sentences:
Skt. Dáme dáhyati agníh.
Lit. Namè dẽga ugnìs.
'In the house burns a fire.'
There is an Indo-Aryan language called Vāgrī Bōlī in southern India surrounded entirely by Tamil in which its speakers are bilingual in.
The speakers of this language are called the Narikkuruvar in Tamil and occupy the lower stratum of society, known traditionally to hunt ...
In Indian English, an examiner ‘takes’ an examination, while an examinee ‘gives’ it. The exact opposite of native English varieties.
It’s a calque of the respective verbs in Indian languages. E.g., in Bengali, porikkʰa newa ‘take’ v. porikkʰa dewa ‘give’.
Old Azeri is ancestral to Tati, not to the Turkic language usually called Azeri (i.e., Azerbaijani Turkish) today.
Old Uyghur is ancestral to Yellow Yugur, not to the language usually Uyghur today.
Other examples?
Old Persian prayer for the New Year (Persepolis southern terrace wall inscription of Darius, ca. 520 BCE–486 BCE).
Abi imām dahyāūm mā āǰamyā mā hainā, mā dušyāram, mā drauga.
May there not come upon this country no hostile army, no bad year, no malice!
Terrible news. The last speaker of the Beḷāra language (an underdescribed South Dravidian language presumed to be closely related to Tulu), Sidda Beḷāra, has passed away.
Was?!
Namastē doesn't mean “the light in me bows to the light in you”. It just means “"(my) bow to you”. No need to go super dramatic or to exoticize too much.
As most people know, horses are not native to the Americas and were introduced by Europeans following the Columbian contact. So, the native languages of the Americas had to find ways to refer to this new creature. Some Athabascan languages chose to specialize their word for ...
The earliest (significant) attestations of Circassian and Udi — two Caucasian languages — are from Egypt!!
The Old Udi palimpsests were identified in 1996 by Georgian historian Zaza Alekşiz̆e (who died earlier this year) following their discovery at St. Catherine’s monastery ...
It’s not “self-repatriation of ethnic Armenians to the motherland”. The Armenians of Łarabał aren’t recent settlers from the now-restricted country of Armenia. Some of our oldest records of Armenians are from Łarabał, long before there were any Turks in the area. “Historian”??
Yes, leave them alone. Contact between mutually isolated populations never ends up being just for one or the other’s material development. Instead, in almost all cases, one of the populations ends up being decimated. Read what happened to their neighboring Andamanese ...
Ok but when are we going to make contact with North Sentinel Island? Are we going to have Mars colonies and trans human cyborgs but just keep a bunch of people in a pre bronze age bubble until the end of time?
It’s a (sad) miracle, if you ask me, why ancient Indo-Iranic comparative studies aren’t huge in India. Not only does India have the biggest stock of people knowledgeable on the ancient & historical texts in Sanskrit and the Prakrits, but *also* of Avestan texts given that the ...
Fun fact: Greek ἁγίᾱ hagíā (ἅγιος hágios, ἅγιον hágion) ‘sacred’ is an exact cognate of Sanskrit यज्या yaj́yā (यज्यः yaj́yaḣ, यज्यम् yaj́yam) ‘worthy of worship’.
Unfortunately, σοφίᾱ sopʰíā ‘skill, wisdom’ isn’t Indo-European. So, we can’t have a full Sanskritization.
Check this out 👇 Free online lessons on early Indo-European languages from Uni Göttingen. Represented are Hittite, Ancient Greek, Vedic, Avestan, Latin, Gothic, Old Church Slavonic, Old Irish, Old Lithuanian, Classical Armenian, Old Albanian & Tocharian.
One of the words for ‘moon’ 🌙 in Sanskrit is श॒शिन्- śaśín- (ɴᴏᴍ.sɢ श॒शी śaśī́) — literally “hared (one)”.
The derivational source is श॒श- śaśá- (ɴᴏᴍ.sɢ श॒शः śaśáḣ) ‘hare’ 🐇, from pre-Sanskrit *śasá- — a distant cognate to English hare, both from PIE *kʸes-o-.
Chinese (and later Japanese) reproductions of Indian icons of Candra can also display the lunar hare. The Indian side also conceived of a hare on the Moon.
Just because they are a Tai people doesn’t mean they “migrated from Thailand”!!
They just crossed the mountains from north’n Burma or south’n China.
I want people to realize that the location of the most famous member of a lang. family doesn’t imply origin of the family there.
Confirmation that the Ahom people of eastern India, , who established a kingdom from 1228–1826, originally migrated from Thailand, but mixed w local groups after arriving so now, only a minority of their ancestry is Thai. S.E. Asian migration into S. Asia remains poorly studied.
My (controversial??) opinion is that PIE reconstruction is extremely accurate for its home region. People who criticize the reconstruction just haven’t looked at the languages that are directly south of where PIE (in all likelihood) used to be.
Over the past 30 minutes or so at the airport, I heard three Indian names — Tāniyā, Nikītā, Anuṣkā.
Funny thing is that all three of these now-common names are borrowings from Russian.
(Nikíta in Russian is, in fact, a male name, but the borrowed Indian version is female.)
I think I’ve mentioned this before, but I knew a guy while in grad school who went by Bismarck. Here’s the catch. He’s Chinese, Wényuè, and that’s his “English name”.
For most Chinese abroad, the “English name” is like Alice or Roy, but this guy chose something far more epic.
Zangezur is not a “resonant Turkic historical name”, LOL. As anybody who knows anything about Turkic can tell you, /z/ doesn’t occur word-initially in native Turkic lexemes. All instances of initial /z/ in modern Turkic languages are borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Armenian etc.
💁♂️ This is the center of Jurmala,
#Latvia
. It's an Armenian restaurant, but for some reason, it's not called "Syunik" (which, by the way, is also not
#Armenian
but
#Albanian
toponym). Instead, it bears the resonant Turkic historical name -
#Zangezur
.
I am confident that both the…
Jász phrase of the day!
#J
ász daban horz = 'your day (be) good'
Compare
#Iron
dæ bon xorz,
#Digoron
dæ bon xwarz
The Jász record is significant because it predates the
#Ossetic
change of Proto-Iranian */ā/ (Ossetic <a>) to /o/ before nasal consonants (/-n/, /-m/ and /-yn/).
Picked this up today. The only remaining word list of the
#Ossetian
dialect of the
#J
ász from Hungary before they got assimilated, compiled and deciphered by Németh Gyula.
I'll be tweeting on this the next few days as I go through the chapter snail-ily with my rusty German.
I love this 😁 The Assamese have the most distinct accent in English of any major Indian ethnic group. Obviously, as can be heard, Assamese lacks the palatalized post-alveolar affricates ⟨c(ʰ), j(ʰ)⟩ having moved them to /s, z/. As a result, words like ⟨chicken⟩ will be ...
Apparently, Afghan Persian uses کیله kēla for ‘banana’ 🍌, a loanword from Hindi-Urdu کیلا kēlā which reflexes Sanskrit कदल- kadala- (via Prakrit kayaḷa-).
The Iranian Persian word for ‘banana’ is مُوز mouz which is an indirect loan from Sanskrit मोच- mōća- ‘banana flower’.
We often focus a lot on the influence Persian had on Hindi and Urdu but we barely pay attention to the influence those had on Persian.
Some Hindi/Urdu loanwords used in Dari are "Kile" (کیله, "banana"), "Sarak" (سرک, "street") or "Morch" (مرچ, "chili").
I think it’s kinda funny that most Mainstream Indo-Aryan languages replaced the inherited Indo-Iranic words for ‘milk’ and ‘water’ — Skt. kṣīrá- & udán- — by (reflexes of) words for ‘(thing which was) milked’ and ‘drinkable (thing)’ — Skt. dugdʰá- & pānī́ya-.
Like these posts that present “descendant of Genghis Khan” as if a Eurasian being his descendant is some kind of a unique achievement. What next? “Has two ears”??
@jasongfleischer
@ringo_ring
That’s awesome, but you guys should now give her an honorary PhD. Those are handed out to politicians and rich “philanthropists” like candy, but here we actually have someone who truly deserves it, having done more for science than probably anyone in history.
Not many people know this, but just as Eurasians bred sheep for their wool, the native peoples of the (central) Pacific Northwest had a special breed of dog that was reared for its wool.
In modern dialects of
#Halkomelem
, ‘dog’ is sqʷəméy̓, literally, “soft-wooled (one)”.
Coast Salish weavers once bred little, fluffy white dogs whose fur they blended with the wool of mountain goats to weave blankets. Despite the wool dogs’ abundance in the early 18th century, they were almost extinct by 1858. 🐕️
#ArchaeoArchives
Regular reminder that PIE *bʰréh₂tēr ‘brother’ and *su̯ésōr ‘sister’ regularly yield bṛ̆o and sus in the Nuristani language Katë.
No affectionate syllable-cutting required like English bro and sis. Just got rid of all the problem parts by regular sound changes.
@madhurarrao
May be I’m missing something, but what warranted this response here? What’s so offensive about being asked “what language do you think in?”?
In Iranic languages (and, by calquing off of Persian, in some Indo-Aryan and Turkic languages too), you ‘eat’ an oath — at least synchronically. Diachronically, it may not actually be the ‘eat’ verb, but we shan’t worry about that.
In French, "promises" are something you "hold", like a torch that must continue burning, whereas in English, you "keep" them, like a diary that shouldn’t be forgotten. But in Japanese, you "protect" them, like a treasure. Don’t languages make you see the world differently?
पानी, सच and खाना are native Indo-Aryan words 😂 nothing specifically “Urdu” about them
Hindi पानी pānī < Sanskrit पा॒नीय॑म् pānī́yam
Hindi सच sač — probably back-formation from सच्चा saččā < Sanskrit सत्य-क- satya-ka-
Hindi खाना kʰānā < Sanskrit खादन-क- kʰādana-ka-
Start removing Urdu words from your speech gradually. In six months you won't ever miss them. Start today. Start with:
Prabhaat instead of Subah
Jal for Paani
Satya for Sach
Hriday for Dil
Bhojan for Khaana
No Aurat. Use Mahila, Stree, Naari.
No Shaheed. Use Veer, Hutatma,…
I actually like the “how many languages you speak” question because it lets me get into how difficult it is to properly quantify that and also introduce the asker to a number of minority languages they may not know of.
What I hate, however, is being asked my opinion on ...
my most controversial linguistics opinion: asking a linguist how many languages they speak is actually a fair question. we just don't like it because it reminds us that we have failed to be Ken Hales
That I sincerely believe “cutter” is a better approximation in English to the Arabic name of the country than “CAT-are” or “cut-ARE” or any such (unless you speak a northern English dialect).
The Armenian cemetery of Surat, India, testifying to the centuries-long presence of Armenian merchants from New Julfa, Esfahan, Iran in this Indian Ocean port city
Read more:
In my experience, the only people who say IE languages are easy have never studied a non-IE language (and probably studied only those IE languages that are already close to their native language).
Sadly, yes, but I’m glad we stopped killing these beautiful birds.
The Mauryan emperor Aśōkaḣ (3rd c. BC) himself reduced peacock-slaughter in the royal kitchen to two a day, and expressed his intent on banning it completely in the future. Text below from the Girnār rock-edict:
Peacock Meat was a delicacy of ancient India from at least 3rd century BCE.
Everyday two peacocks and one deer was cooked in the Royal Mauryan palace.
Buddhaghosha also confirms
that peacock was a delicacy of India in the Mauryan period.
Realizing that adding upper dots makes pharyngeals uvulars in the Arabic script. 😲
ع ← غ
ح ← خ
Must be obvious to graphemists, I know, but after all these years of knowing the script, I’m only realizing now.
This is a major Indic–Iranic dividing isogloss.
Reflexes of Sanskrit j́ihvā́ ‘tongue’ almost never mean ‘speech, language’ except some recent calquing off Persian (e.g., some Kashmiri-speakers using zev like Persian zabān).
On the other hand, the Iranic cognates all mean ...
They should make Avestan a “Classical Language” of India. The vast majority of people using Avestan as a litturgical language are Indians.
I’d rather there were no “Classical Language” tag, and that money went to proper description and lexicography of regional languages, but ...
So much of foreign accents in a language is prosody than just phonetics. Yet that’s seldom reported. I don’t even know the language to express the peculiar prosody I hear from, say, German-speakers speaking English. (Of course, that’s a me shortcoming, not of the field.)
This is a fascinating topic. Once the Russian team investigating Soqotri publish a grammar and lexicon (old stuff exist, a few recent publications on specific topics), it’ll be worthwhile for Indologists to check if the language keeps ancient Indic loanwords. (A corpus exists.)
The Hoq cave inscriptions were recently discovered on Socotra, an island 325 km off African coast. The cave has 216 ancient inscriptions from 100 BC - 600 AD. From these, we can learn a bit about ancient Hindus & Hinduism.
Of the 216 inscriptions, 193 are Indian inscriptions in…
When I started learning German just out of high school, before I knew comparative linguistics, I was very impressed with how similar German was to English, at least lexically. It was easy to spot cognates (although I obviously didn’t know the precise concept then):
heart–Herz
There is apparently exactly one linguist working on documenting the critically endangered Plains Indian Sign Language — Jeffrey Davis at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
The earliest named Armenian we have record of is a man called Dādr̩šiš, who was in service to emperor Darius (Dāryavahuš). The Behistun inscription (~500 BC) attests
Dādr̩šiš nāma Ārminiya
(Old Persian)
Taturšiš hiše Harminuya
(Achæmenid Elamite)
‘(An) Armenian named Dādr̩šiš’
That “Thailand” part has the greatest linguistic diversity on the island. All non-PN languages are spoken (roughly) in that region. Is it the climate? Is it proximity to the human-manufacturing landmass?
I like how the Old Persian name 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš went into Greek as Δαρεῖος Dareîos, whose feminine Δαρεῖᾱ Dareîā became the Russian name Да́рья Dárʲja that was loaned back into the New Persian of Tajikistan as Дарья Darya in Soviet times.
It came full circle!!
Here's something fun I just happened to stumble across while looking for other things.
The New
#Persian
word خواجه xᵛāja ‘lord, master, teacher, vizier’ (borrowed as Turkish hoca, Albanian hoxhë, Urdu xājā, Mandarin huòjiā, New Greek xótza(s) &c.) is probably of Indo-Aryan ...
Methinks Turkish evet [e̞ve̞tˢ] and Hungarian igen [iɡæn] are very æsthetic words for ‘yes’. Kabardian нтӏэ [ntʼɜ] is good too, but for different reasons, I feel. Greek ναί [né̞] just feels wrong!!
What’s your favorite way of saying ‘yes’ in languages you know (of)?
Why are the Japanese subject marker ga, possessive marker no etc. called “particles” and not treated as just normal case-suffixes like in Turkic or something? Just tradition?
No matter how many times I see it, it’ll always remain wild to me that some people think that languages like Arabic or Tamil were just spontaneously created at a single point of time.
70% of Basques between 16 - 24 can speak
#Euskara
, compared to 25% in the early 1990s, according to data from the Basque Govt.
Outside the classroom, however, Spanish continues to dominate. "Castilian reigns in the playground and also on the street."
I am writing a comparative-typological sketch of New Indo-Aryan. I don’t know when I’ll get it done, just started last weekend, and will probably only get time to work on it one day a week or so. But let’s see.
For now, I’m writing it for myself, but if there is an avenue to ...