Tests of Ministers in Mauryan Era
The present thread would detail the tests for appointment of ministers (Amatyas) during the Mauryan age.
These tests are mentioned in Arthashastra of Kautilya.
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"I have uprooted the 9 Nandas, who were like barbs in the heart, & have firmly established Maurya like lotus in a pond; but I will not breathe untill I destroy the last offshoot of Nandas; Sarvathasiddhi, who is now living as an ascetic in a forest."
-- Chanakya in Mudra-Rakshsa
Request to all those Babus & architects...This is how the Martand Temple looked like in 8th century.
Don't try to re-build this like a shopping-mall of 21st century.
'Rajtaringini' has all the details of this temple, otherwise plz read 'Samarangana Sutradhara' by Raja Bhoj.
Razia Sultana, plz go through this firman of Aurangzeb dated 7 April 1685.
He offers 4 Rs for males and 2 Rs. for females, for conversion from Hinduism to Islam!
Causes of the Decline of Mauryan Empire
The thread would look at the causes, which led to the decline & ultimately the end of Mauryan rule in India.
It would explain 5 reasons which all came together in the 2nd century BCE, ending the greatest empire, which India ever had.
🧵
The 'Pashupati' seal from Mohenjo-Daro, c. 2500 BCE.
We can clearly the figure in a yogic posture, surrounded by animals & an undeciphered script at top.
The yogic asana in the seal in 'Mulabandhasana'.
If the seal is 4500 years old depicting yoga, how old is Yoga in practice?
Kaundinya (1st century CE), was a Brahmin prince of Indraprastha, who after being banished from his kingdom, went to Cambodia.
He married Queen Soma of Funan, & both are considered as founders of Kingdom of Funan with their capital at Vyadhapura (Ba- Phnum District, Cambodia).
1/2
A gruesome scene... A painting depicting the beheading of Rama Raya after his defeat at Talikota in 1565.
His head was on display at Ahmednagar, for centuries.
On anniversary of the battle each year, it was covered with oil & red pigment by descendants of the executioner.+
#IndianTravelers
Kaundinya (1st century CE), was a Brahmin prince who was exiled from his kingdom in India.
He reached Cambodia, & after many adventures, married Queen Soma of Funan.
They founded Kingdom of Funan with their capital at Vyadhapura (Ba- Phnum District, Cambodia).
Kautilya in Arthashastra speaks of 'Bhrita' class of warriors, or the mercenaries who fight only for money.
He believes that mercenaries are not to be trusted entirely and "hereditary troops are better than hired troops". ( AS: 9.2.14)
#Wagner
#Russia
Some Indian origin historian mentions in her book that Sitar, Tabla both came from outside.
Our cbse books say that Aamir Khusro invented Sitar & Tabla.
Bhaja caves has a woman playing tabla, & this OP shows a man playing sitar (1st century AD).
Joker historians should retire!
200 BCE plaques depicting Sitar, India
Sitar is often called "the musical instrument smuggled from heavens" & it indeed is! 🪷
Since, Chanakya is the talk of the town, I share the "Kautilya" piece by Rishabh Ram "Sharma" 😉
@ssharadmohhan
@PrasunNagar
-- Ashoka converted to Buddhism after Kalinga war;
-- Tipu Sultan is a freedom fighter;
-- Mughals were secular;
-- Islam came to India via traders and they converted people peacefully;
-- Chacha Nehru was a great statesman;
-- Everything came via Mughals or Delhi Sultanate
What are some myths/falsehoods you were taught in school (or not taught) about history that you later learned were false?
It can also be general “knowledge” you picked up by osmosis like “the world speaks English.”
What stereotypes about India did you later learn were false.
So, the following were found during recent excavations at Purana Qila:
1) A Vishnu statue dating to 11th century;
2) Gajalaxmi from Gupta era;
3) 2300 year old terracotta ring well from Mauryan period;
4) A four room complex dating to Sunga era.
One of the earliest inscriptions of Rāma worship in India was found from Kosambi in 1994-95
A Brahmi inscription mentioning 'Bhagvato Rama Narayan'.
The inscription is dated to 159, 161,165 AD & mentions Indraghosha & his wife making their offerings to God Ram.
Jai Shri Ram 🙏
Can the Indian establishment deck up the Iron pillar with the Eagle symbol on 26 February, every year?
That was the day when Gupta empire came into existence, with the coronation of Chandragupta-I in 319 AD!
Qutub minar decked up in Turkiye flag to celebrate Turkish National Day. On this day, 100 years ago, Turkish Republic was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
@firatsunel
@TurkEmbDelhi
The Decline of Pātaliputra
The present thread is on the decline of the city of Pātaliputra.
It would detail on the possible reasons, which made the 'Greatest City of India' disappear for at least a thousand years.
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Update on Purana Qila excavations:
1) Shiva-lingams found with brahmi inscriptions;
2) A spoked copper wheel of Kushana era has been found, along with sculptures of that era;
3) Rajput era coins and an arrow-head;
4) Painted gray ware, beads, pre-mauryan (perhaps MbH times).
This is the map of Ashokan empire. Questions for people who think that Ashoka stooped his wars after Kalinga..
1.South already under his influence;
2. Can't attack Seleucids as they were his relatives;
3. Can't cross Himalayas & attack China.. He is not a fool like Tughlaq!
2/2
In mid 18th century, when Marathas occupied Ahmednagar, they put an end to almost two centuries of the display of Rama Raya's skull to the public.
They cremated the skull with full respects, and sent the ashes to Benaras.
At the end of his battle against the Huns in c. 455 AD, the forces of Skandagupta captured the three enemy kings, who had proceeded to do battle against the Gupta emperor.
Skandagupta had them promptly executed... The Huns didn't come back to India for the next 50 years.
#Assasinations
Bimbisara killed by his son Ajatshatru;
Ajatshatru killed by his son, Udaybhadra;
Udaybhadra killed by his son, Aniruddha;
Aniruddha killed by his son Mundā;
Mundā killed by his son Nāgādāsakā
All in one family, in successive generations..Haryanka dynasty 🤦
Buddhism was gone from India, where it had taken birth, latest by 10th century.
It is because masses had rejected the philosophy of Buddha, and the Viharas and Monks had become corrupt.
Any further attempts to revive this philosophy will again meet the same end.
Rejection!
This bloke has no idea that Megasthenes reports on a royal road from Peshawar to Tamralipti in Bengal in 4th century BCE, which was 2,091 km long.
Simp on Sher Shah now!!
Daily Routine of Krishnadeva Raya
The thread would detail the daily routine of Emperor Krishnadeva Raya.
The account has been taken from the work 'Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga' (Chronicles of King of Vijaynagar), written by Domingo Paes.
#Thread
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Chandragupta was only a boy of 9, when Chanakya met him and took him away to Taxila.
He was about 17/18 when Alexander invaded India in 326 BCE.
He would have been about 22-23 years old, when he got the throne of Magadha, and was about 46 when he abdicated in 298 BCE.
Megasthanes reports that the place of Chandragupta was entirely made of wood.
The palace exceeded the splendor of the ones at Susa & Ecbatana.
The palace was in the center of the city, in a huge park
It was called 'Suganga prasada', indicating it lay somewhere near the Ganges.
क्षतिं अवजित्य सुचरितैर् दिवं जयति विक्रमादित्य:
"Having conquered the earth with good conduct, Vikramāditya conquered heaven"
Happy New Year Vikram Samvat 2081🙌
Finished this humungous book on South India...Took me 5 months !
An absolute classic, I found all the chapters interesting, particularly the wars between Bahmani & Vijaynagara, which lasted for 150+ years.
Also to mention is the last chapter which details the art of south !🙌
A case of literature supporting archeology!
When Dr.B.B. Lal excavated Hastinapur in 49-50', clear signs of flooding were found on the walls of the city.
Puranas mention Nicaksu, a descendant of Janamajeya, who shifted his capital to Kosam from Hastinapur, because of floods.
The region which gave Chanakya, Chandragupta, Samudragupta, Aryabhatta, and many more.
Other regions of the country would just dream of having so many illustrious people, who changed the fortunes of the country for good.
Heard about Pātaliputra School of Metal Art?
Indian sage Kalanos (Kalyan), before immolating himself at Susa, in 324 BCE, said to Alexander:
"We shall meet at Babylon."
No one understood the meaning of those words at the time.
A year later, Alexander died at Babylon, & then the Greeks realised the meaning of those words!
There are refernces in texts of some of the biggest temples in North.
Ghaznavi says that the temple at Mathura would have taken " 200 years to built & a 100 million dinars would have been spent".
The grandest temple of Hinduism, bigger than Brihideshwara existed in North, once!
Ashoka, Samudragupta, Harsha, Pulakesin, were all great kings, who expanded & administered an empire.
However, they became rulers as their fathers were also kings.
CG Maurya is perhaps the only one who had no royal blood in him & created India's greatest empire from scratch!
Ancient Indians drank wine with impunity, ate non-veg without shame!
They created marvels of engineering and architecture, politically and culturally united the country.
Why certain sections of RW keen on proving that they never ate meat and were teetotallers? 🤡🤦♀️
R. Shamasastry discovered Arthashatra in 1905.
The manuscript which he discovered, was in Grantha script of 12th century, which had been lost centuries ago.
R. Samasatry had a dream one night, which helped him to decipher the script and translate Arthashatra in 1909.
Bhojashala is a historic center of Sanskrit studies, built originally by Raja Bhoj (1010-1055 AD).
Perhaps the most celebrated king of the last thousand years, when Bhoja was not fighting, he was either constructing buildings or was writting treatise on variety of topics.
Samudragupta= 100
And not defeated once!
"He was a fearless fighter, possessed of the 'dash and drive of a tiger' ( vyaghra-parakramah), the hero of hundred battles ( samarastata)."
"In the art of war, they (Indians) were far superior to the other nations by which Asia was at that time inhabited."
-- Arrian, on the valour of Indian soldiers during Alexander's invasion
Ancient Pataliputra was 15 kms long & 2.5 kms in breadth, as recorded by Megasthenes.
It had a population of roughly 4 lakhs in 4th century BCE.
A thousand years later, when Xuanzang visited in 637 AD, he saw the city in ruins, & the population did not exceed 1000 inhabitants.
Mauryan empire, in a way was also an e.g of a 'Surveillance State'.
There would be spies everywhere, who would be reporting the smallest activities of masses to the authorities.
These spies would be in the garb of ascetics, traders, students, farmers, women & religious leaders.
So jump suddenly from 1st century to 11th century on purpose.
Just ask the Romans how much they paid Indians per year in gold!
Also just check how wealthy was the Persian Achaemenid Empire!
The Wealthiest Empires in History
🏛️Roman Empire, (1st century): 25% to 30% of global output
🇨🇳Song Dynasty, (11th century): 25% to 30% of global output
🇮🇳Mughal Empire, (17th century): 25% of global output
🇬🇧British Empire, (18th century): 21% of global output
🇪🇸Spanish
"Even the Gods sing thus: 'Blessed are the men who live in the land of Bharata, which is like unto high road to heaven and to liberation; for they are higher than gods themselves.'"
-- Vishnu Purana, Book II, Chapter III
Rice & Meat was one of the most eaten dishes of ancient India.
It is a simple preparation of boiled rice with either chicken, lamb, goat or game.
The dish is mentioned in the Mahabharata, where it was the favorite of Duryodhana.
Just 3 e.g's of Brahmins "crossing seas"
They didn't loose their caste:
1) A Brahmin who was an ambassador to Tang court in 642 AD;
2) Kaundinya, a brahmin from Indraprastha, who started the House of Funan in Cambodia;
3) Brahmin traders, who went up till Egypt & Rome
This bloke also tried to destroy the Iron pillar at Mehrauli... The cannon-ball ricocheted off the pillar and damaged the mosque behind it, killing many people inside.
The marks of the cannon-ball is still visible on the upper portion of the iron pillar.
Nadir Shah of Iran
In 1739 A.D Nadir Shah Invaded Delhi and Killed 20000 Indians . He Also Took Away Takht-e-Taus and Koh-i-Noor Diamond .
The Looted Wealth From Delhi Invasion Was So Much That Nadir Shah Stopped Taxation In Iran For 3 Years
The first recorded incident of medieval 'Jauhar' was in 326 BCE, when 20,000 citizens of Aglassoi tribe cast themselves into flames, rather than be slaves of invading Greek army led by Alexander.
1/n
In Indian history, the demise of an empire doesn't take much time... Few examples:
1) Mauryan empire: Gone less than 50 years after Ashoka's death (185 BCE)
2) Gupta empire: Reduced to a great extent after 467, gone completely by 570 AD;
When Fa-Hien visited India (399-412), he saw Buddhism in its full glory, with places like Mathura, Kapilvastu, Taxila, etc had thousands of monks & many viharas.
Xuanzang (633-645) saw many of these places like Kapilvastu, ruined.
Buddhism declined way before Adi Sankara came.
Thousands of manuscripts are lying without translation, and these blokes doing chaity by restoring some God-forsaken darwaza built by a cruel king.
Well done ASI!
@MDUmairKh
You wanna inherit this? Fair enough.
These blokes worshipped mother goddess, and Pashupati.
Isn't worshiping statues haram in your religion?
Come back to your original religion, ans may be we can discuss further!
The time has come to make OTT's on the following:
1) Chandragupta Maurya;
2) Gautamiputra Satkarni
3) Samudra Gupta
4) Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya;
5) Skanda Gupta;
6) Harsha;
7) Pulakesin-II
8) Rajaraja, Rajendra and Rajadhiraja Chola, Raja Bhoj
Damn Babur OTT !
#ideas
In his Dharmasūtra, Baudhāyana (c. 750 BCE) mentions 5 customs peculiar to the people of South:
1) Dining with the one who is not initiated (anupeta) ;
2) Dining with women;
3) Eating food kept overnight;
4) Marrying the daughter of one's maternal uncle, and paternal aunt
Kampili kingdom was a short-lived Hindu kingdom near Tungabhadra and Ballari river in Karnataka.
It was destroyed by Delhi sultanate armies in 1327-28, & its last king was decapitated and head sent to Delhi.
From the ashes of Kampili rose a phoenix....... Vijaynagara empire!
#OnThisDay
Happy Birthday to Emperor Harsha, born 2 June 590 BCE.
A worshipper of God Shiva, his army had 100,000 horses, 60,000 elephants, and he ruled from Kashmir to Vindhyas, including Bengal, Bihar and parts of Odisha.
There is only one time in Indian history, when there was no development in science.
The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal era was a period where there was zero scientific inventions or discoveries.
While Europe was enlightening the world with new scientific inventions, every year...!
Battle of Sondani.. c. 528 CE, when all the kings of India came under one roof, and defeated the barbarian Mihirkula, who was defeated and Hun political interference ended in India.
Wonder why a confederation was never formed for long to remove the Arabs, few centuries later!
The sculpture of Vikramaditya' is near Rudra Sagar lake, Ujjain.
30 feet high and made of brass, this shows the king sitting on his throne of 32 statues, or 'Sinhaasan-batisi'.
Near to the throne are sculptures of 9 gems of Vikramaditya's court; Kalidasa, Vararuchi, etc.
"Look upon it and despair":
Image 1: Firman dated 3 Sept 1667, ordering the destruction of Kalkaji temple, Delhi
Image 2: Destruction of Kashi Vishwanath, August 1670
Image 3: " Even to look at this temple is a sin for a Musalman" Letter dated 13 oct 1666, on Mathura temple
Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir was a propagator of Islam in true sense.
In a firman dated 6th April 1785 — he ordered an allowance of 4 rupees for each male convert and 2 rupees for each female convert to be given.
Note :- The amount offered as an inducement for conversion was
Raja Bhoj in his book, 'Chārucharya', has given reasons for premature greying of hair:
1) 'Parishrama' (Excessive physical activity);
2) 'Shiroroga' (disorders of head);
3) 'Ushma' (heat);
4) 'Krodha' (anger); and
5) 'Bhaya' (fear)
Pipe it down, because you have no idea on this....
Raja Chet Singh was exiled to Gwalior in 1781-82, where he died in 1810.
Hence, he could not have destroyed the stupa in 1793 !
The whole structure was properly excavated under Cunningham in late 19th century.
#Hypocrisy
🤦🏻♂️
#Hindutva
fanatics taunt
#Muslims
over the Bamiyan Budhha statue destruction by
#Taliban
.
In 1793 AD, Raja Chet Singh of Benaras destroyed the Budhhist Stupa built by Ashoka entirely along with many ancient inscriptions
Then why dont they taunt themselves ?
#IndianHistorians
R.C.Mazumdar (1888-1980) was an eminent historian.
A product of Calcutta University, he is remembered for his immortal work 'History & Culture of Indian People', in 11 volumes.
He also wrote History of Bengal, Vakataka-Gupta Age, Arab Invasion of India, etc.
Just thinking that we are so lucky to have witnessed this event.
Imagine the happiness, when Mahadev gets his temple at Benaras, and Krishna gets his at Mathura!
May be it will take 100 years, & future generations will see that, and point out to 22 Jan 2024 as a turning point.
Gupta empire had this unique privilege, that the successors were based purely on merit, rather than reservation (being the eldest).
Samudragupta may not have been the eldest, so may have been the case with Chandragupta-II, & Skandagupta, most certainly was not the eldest son.
Peacock Meat was a delicacy of ancient India from at least 3rd century BCE.
Everyday two peacocks and one deer was cooked in the Royal Mauryan palace.
Buddhaghosha also confirms
that peacock was a delicacy of India in the Mauryan period.
"There is a tribe in India, whose people have eight toes, and feet pointing backwards. There are others who have no noses, and still others who have snake-like legs."
-- Megasthenes, c. 300 BCE
A rare find...!
A circular pedestal bearing an inscription of Champa king, Prakasdharman, at Mỹ Sơn, central Vietnam.
The inscription is dated to 657 AD, and places the ancestry of the king to Indian prince Kaundinya, who married a Khmer princess, Somā in 1st century AD.
#Assasinations
Sunga dynasty ended the way it started!
Pushyamitra Sunga, the Brahmin Senapati of Mauryan empire, killed the last Mauryan emperor, Brihidartha, in 185 BCE.
Vasudeva Kanva, the Brahmin minister of Sunga empire, killed the last Sunga emperor, Devabhuti in 73 BCE.
"There is a race of men living near the mouth of Ganges called 'Astoni'.
They have no mouth, cover their body with leaves, and live simply by breathing. They eat nothing and drink nothing.
-- Megasthenes in 'Indica', c. 300 BCE
"It is said that India, being of enormous size is peopled by races both numerous & diverse of which not even one was originally of foreign descent, but all are evidently indigenous. India has neither received a colony from abroad, nor sent out a colony to abroad."
-- Megasthenes
As vast as Mauryan empire was, it needed separate capitals to take care of a particular region.
These were:
Imperial capital = Pātaliputrā
NW India = Taxila
Central India = Ujjain
Eastern India = Tosali
South India = Suvarnagiri
India was known in ancient times for its gold, most of it came through trade and via rivers.
The Persians paid gold for Indian textiles; the Romans paid gold for purchase of masalas, pepper, perfumes and the like.
Pliny calls India as "the sink of the world's gold."
From the bottom of my heart, I would like to thank
@JaipurDialogues
for copying portions of my thread on the 'Decline of Pataliputra', word-by-word!
Thank you for making me famous !
A word of advice: Always give references for your article, particularly if it's about history!
One of the massacres perpetrated by Alexander was the slaughter of 7,000 Indian mercenaries near Massaga (Chakdara).
The soldiers were promised safe passage, but were all killed, treacherously.
Treachery, followed by massacre were the calling cards of Alexander in India.
'War over Buddha's Relics' was a conflict in 5th century BCE over control of Buddha's relics.
States like Magadha, Vajjis, Mallas, fought over Buddha's ashes.
A Brahmin named Drona, divided relics into 8 parts & distributed to 8 warring factions & thus peace was established.
@shahid_siddiqui
Uncle aap fir aa gaye ?
Mughals were very secular....Kashi Vishwanath (1669), Krishna Janambhoomi ( 1669), Somanth ( 1664, 1704) are just three examples of their secular credentials.
I guess ur history starts with 1526 . Congrats !
Chariot wheel found from the site of ancient Pātaliputra at Kumhrar, near Patna.
The chariot wheel was found during excavations by Dr. Spooner in 1912-13.
It has 24 spokes, with a iron round the hub (center).
The Mauryan chariots were 7.5 feet in height & 9 feet in width.
Mahabharata has 100,000 verses, Ramayana has 24,000 verses.
The above pales in comparison to 'Brithakatha' which had 900,000 verses.
The document is lost in full, though variants remain in the form of 'Katha-saritasagara' & 'Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha'(बृहत्कथाश्लोकसंग्रह).
The Mughals failed India in science!
Printing press was invented in 1439, & Ottomans banned it, calling it "unislamic".
The Mughals in India, inspite of knowing the existence & benefit of this invention, rejected it.
While Europe was spreading enlightenment faster...!
1/2
Raja Bhoj has to be the greatest 'Polymath-King' in Indian history.
His knowledge levels consisted of mastering the following subjects:
1) Astrology;
2) Literature;
3) Yoga & Grammar;
4) Chemistry;
5) Architecture
6) Animal husbandry;
7) Ship-building;
8) Music;
+
Xuanzang describes the city of Kannauj in 7th century.
Its prosperity was expressed in its 'lofty structures, beautiful gardens, tanks of clean water; & the museum of rarities collected from far lands.'
Xuanzang mentions that it "will take 150 years to build such a city."
Assassination attempts on Chandragupta Maurya
The short thread would look at the assassination attempts, which Chandragupta faced.
The assassins were spies of minister Rakshsa.
This account has been taken from 'Mudra-Rakshsam', Act 2.
Popularity of Sanskrit
- Fa-Hien spent 3 years at Pataliputra learning Sanskrit
- Xuanzang first learnt Sanskrit at Chang'an, and then at Nalanda
- I-tsing spent 10 years at Nalanda, where medium of education was Sanskrit.
All Gupta era inscriptions and coins are in Sanskrit
The Yavanrajya inscription is dated to year 69/70 BCE "in the last month of winter on the thirtieth day".
That day Holi was celebrated, and thus, this makes this the first evidence of Holi festival mentioned in an Indian inscription.
The script is Brahmi, language is sanskrit.
Some of the terms which I have learnt after joining Twitter:
1. Blackpilled/Redpilled;
2. Pretas;
3. Chad;
4. Distorian;
5. Bhimta;
6. Papa ki pari;
8. Trad / Rayta;
9. Cope/Seethe;
11. Dharmik account;
12. Dog mom/cat mom
13. Pajeet/Pajeeta/Jeet
Kindly add yours!
So, we have an old issue here that ancient Indians were very poor at record keeping & writing histories.
If that is the case, how come Rudradaman's inscription at Junagadh mentions names such as Chandragupta, Asoka, Vaisya Pusyagupta, who lived 500 years before Rudradaman? 🤔
The man who was given the task of protecting the Ashvamedha horse, who defeated the Greeks in a cavalry clash on the banks of Indus.
He, who also became an emperor of a powerful dynasty, was a mighty warrior, and was assassinated by Mitradeva, while watching a play!