While the world is distracted with Ukraine’s success in Kharkiv, there are reports of large-scale Azerbaijani shelling + use of UAVs against targets in Armenia: Jermuk, Goris, Vardenis, Tatev, Kapan.
As expected,
#Azerbaijan
has launched its own version of Croatia’s ‘Operation Storm’, seemingly to retake
#Armenia
|n-populated
#Karabakh
in its entirety. Drone + artillery strikes reported on targets in Stepanakert and elsewhere.
Seven months after the civilian blockade began, and several weeks into its intensification with no supplies coming into the territory, the long forewarned humanitarian crisis is now unfolding in
#Karabakh
.
Day 5 of a new Armenian-Azerbaijani War: Where is Russia? I’m trying to figure out Russia’s role/strategy + set out some thoughts here; would be interested to hear other’s (constructive) thoughts on this (thread). 1/19
The past few tumultuous weeks in Armenian-Azerbaijani relations have seemingly ended in commitments by both Yerevan and Baku to conclude a peace accord by year's end. Recent events serve notice of at least 5 risks accompanying this process, which I explore here. A (long) 🧵: 1/
New Armenian-Azerbaijani violence: some reflections at the end of day 1 (thread). Any reflections at this stage are inevitably provisional in a highly fluid context, no hindsight here and could be wrong (constructive correction welcomed). 1/9
Dear Fariz, what is the point of this? As a scholar you must surely be aware of the pernicious historical role that claims of artificial borders + natural unities have played. These are staple tropes of irredentism, a form of nationalism that Azerbaijan has condemned many times.
Azerbaijan is seemingly in a sweet spot, in which it enjoys unprecedented leverage in every direction in a multipolar world. Latest military action challenges Russia’s extended deterrence to Armenia and the diplomatic initiatives being fielded by both Moscow and Brussels.
This escalation takes place when (1) Russia is distracted as never before after the collapse of the Kharkiv front; (2) offensive action against Armenia can surf the global wave of revulsion for Russia since Armenia is formally Russia’s ally;
(3) Baku’s leverage with Russia has increased thru Moscow’s need for alternative transit routes to connect w/ Iran + Asia; (4) Baku’s leverage with Brussels has increased thru latter’s quest for alternatives to Russian gas and its initiative to mediate between Yerevan and Baku.
Despite a barrage of other stories, including today’s fracas over EUMA’s denial then confirmation that its monitors were involved in a shooting incident with Azerbaijani armed forces, the key concern right now is civilians facing forced starvation in Armenian-populated
#Karabakh
.
This is a powerful personal piece in which an Azerbaijani forcibly displaced in the 1990s calls for the cycle of violence and vengeance with Armenians to end - do read.
Even if outside powers, most likely Moscow, broker a ceasefire, such escalations will likely continue as part of a coercive bargaining dynamic, and per latest reports, over a wider area.
Some
#Karabakh
updates: Humanitarian situation critical in Stepanakert/Khankendi; seems gas and electricity not restored to town; people are in sleeping in public buildings and in some cases the streets. Sanitary situation very precarious.
The attacks come less than two weeks after the country’s leaders met with EUCO President Charles Michel in Brussels to review progress on prior agreements to move forward with connectivity, border demarcation, humanitarian issues and the possibility of a peace treaty.
Those negotiations confront many issues and one core problem: while Armenia has formally renounced support for the secession of Nagorny Karabakh from Azerbaijan, Yerevan still wants to see a meaningful process addressing the security and rights of Karabakh Armenians.
There are voices rightly highlighting relentless focus on geopolitics in the tragedy in + around
#Karabakh
. Geopolitics is what we can most easily see, and means to most easily simplify complexity + align it with political agendas. But it shouldn't be the main story now. 1/11
Baku appears to be mounting major military operations to enforce its position. While last year saw plenty of violence along the Armenian-Azerbaijani border, these reports are suggesting strikes on targets deeper inside Armenia.
First, the blockade renders irrelevant any talk of the civil integration of Karabakh Armenians. It vindicates the worst fears of the Karabakh Armenian population vis-a-vis the Azerbaijani state.
Week 2 of a new Armenian-Azerbaijani war: where are we? No question of “clashes that might lead to war” – this already is a multi-front, multi-battlespace war. Avail stats indicating c.5-600 killed in action woeful underestimation of true losses; > two dozen civilians killed.
The ethnic cleansing of Karabakh would mean a new chapter in the logic of coercive, exclusive nation-building in the South Caucasus, a whole new raft of contested issues between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, and chilling implications for the region’s other minority populations.
The starvation of the Armenian population will leave a new legacy of unforgiving distrust cancelling any hopes of reconstituting community relations. This policy tragically reinforces former Armenian president Robert Kocharian’s dictum on the incompatibility of the two nations.
ARM + AZ foreign ministers meet in Geneva tomorrow, in the aftermath of a deadly cycle of civilian suffering: at least 25 Azerbaijani civilians killed yesterday + today, dozens injured, in Armenian strikes on the town of Barda; dead include an
@AzRedCrescent
volunteer. 1/6
What is behind the rising tide of territorial claims and irredentist imagery focused on southern
#Armenia
in
#Azerbaijan
’s post-war discourse on Zangezur? Some thoughts here
On the ‘borderization’ of
#Armenia
: this week a number of territorial encroachments by Azerbaijani forces were reported on Armenia proper, along the international border between Armenia and those parts of
#Azerbaijan
that were under Armenian occupation.
For the second time this month, and now for two days, what purport to be Azerbaijani environmental protestors have blocked the Lachin corridor, the sole route connecting what remains of Armenian-populated
#Karabakh
and the outside world.
Humanitarian crisis in urban centres in
#Karabakh
, many thousands displaced and families scattered. UN Security Council discussion yesterday affirms willingness to provide support if humanitarian access is granted. EU Commission has allocated €500K.
But, at a time when Azerbaijan has a counterpart in Yerevan more amenable to peace than any since the mid-1990s, any negotiated outcomes risk being discredited as the results of coerced agreement under duress. A peace that is extorted today will unravel tomorrow.
Some personal news: There was no more fitting way to end 2020 than catching coronavirus. Thankfully I am on the road to recovery without serious complications. Friends and family: You've been incredible every step of the way. Thank you ❤️
Devastated by news today that my friend and a long-term professional partner Avaz Hasanov has passed away. My thoughts are with his wonderful family: Mehriban, Nazrin, Aylin and Akshin.
Some personal news, as they say: after four and a half years as director and co-director of the South Caucasus Programme at
@CRbuildpeace
, I am moving on in order to refocus on academic research.
Our new book, co-edited with Anna Ohanyan, has arrived:
#Armenia
’s Velvet Revolution: Authoritarian Decline and Civil Resistance in a Multipolar World, £17.99 in paperback!
The attack follows 9 months of blocking access to the territory, a blockade that grew in severity since mid-June. The Karabakh Armenian population is physically weakened, food and medicine are lacking and there is a shortage of fuel for ambulances to move around in the territory.
It was yet another cruel blow to learn of the death of Karabakh Armenian journalist Anahit Danielyan, a friend + former colleague whose reportage focused on the human impacts of war, in a car accident last Friday. May you find the peace that eludes us in this world, dear Anahit.
On a day of otherwise terrible news from the
#Caucasus
, at least this arrived today, at last, after publication in March. Thanks to all who contributed to this substantial volume!
Second ceasefire of 17/10 also failed; sides blame each other and without ceasefire monitoring mechanism impossible to be sure but common sense suggests AZ has military advantage and therefore more to gain from continuation. 1/9
Armenian-Azerbaijani war at a critical conjuncture. AZ forces have extended advance along southern flank to recapture yesterday Zangilan. Now reportedly advancing northwards through Qubatly towards Lachin, the corridor connecting ARM + NK. 1/9
Local journalists report dramatic declines in natal health, shortages in basic foodstuffs, the inability to collect rubbish due to lack of fuel and threats to the water supply, among myriad other harmful effects.
#Azerbaijan
’s offensive against Karabakh continued throughout the day and night. There have been reports of positional fighting, Azerbaijani advances and of numerous villages being evacuated. Rough estimates by people on the ground suggest several thousand displaced.
Six weeks in, 2nd
#Karabakh
War is at a crucial moment as fighting rages for NK’s historical capital, Shusha (spelled Shushi in Armenian sources). Significance of this town cannot be under-estimated for either side (see thread by
@Tom_deWaal
)
Some thoughts on implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (RIU) for Armenia + Azerbaijan, a 🧵. TLDR? A weakened/hardened Russia presents risks for both states, esp ARM, resulting in strategies of formal compliance or evasion, but AZ also sees tactical opportunities in NK.
Some
#Karabakh
updates: - 66,500 Karabakh Armenian refugees have now fled NK per latest ARM govt assessment. What does this number mean? It means more than half of the maximum number usually cited for the Karabakh Armenian population (120,000).
I have seen several Azerbaijanis express misgivings over the
#Karabakh
blockade on this platform. This analysis, by
@FemPeace
, goes further in calling for cross-divide solidarity and providing an insurgent feminist critique of coercion.
In our recent call for "solidarity with Karabakh/Artsakh against total war, blockade and hegemony" we are addressing following issues:
1)What is going on in Karabakh/Artsakh?
2)What is hegemony and why AZE state needs it?
3)It is time for solidarity!
There has been an uptick of airborne deliveries from Israel to Azerbaijan, which traditionally coincide with military action, and very widespread reports in the last few weeks of Azerbaijani troops amassing near Karabakh.
Really pleased to receive a copy of Black Garden Aflame in the post today. Thank you
@ArtyomTonoyan
for this important volume, which provides great primary source material on the
#Karabakh
conflict from the late 1980s to the present day.
This blockade first and foremost imposes a terrible human cost on those most affected by it: the civilian population of Karabakh. But there are other implications, of which 2 stand out at this time.
And winter is already upon the Caucasus, with extreme weather and hardship at the best of times. Armenia and Azerbaijan have already been thrown back years by this war. Stopping it now must be our priority. 11/11
Yesterday 19/7 there were reports of gunfire, along Armenia’s border with Azerbaijani exclave Nakhchivan, in the area of Sadarak / Yeraskh. Azerbaijani social media subsequently suggested reports of advances by Azerbaijani forces.
The Russian peacekeeping contingent and Turkish monitors have reportedly been ‘informed’. A question that many will be asking is the price of Russian acquiescence. Russian irritation with Armenia’s complaints against the Kremlin also adds an ideal backdrop for such an operation.
Azerbaijan is also borrowing from the language used by Georgia in 2008, when it framed its operation to take Tskhinvali as ‘restoration of constitutional order’.
Two new reports by
@amnesty
highlight the specific challenges faced by older people forcibly displaced by the
#Karabakh
conflict, who were often last to flee, face particular challenges in resettlement and need to be part of discussions about return.
#Armenia
#Azerbaijan
The couple from Zangezur were Mehman and Ofeliya, and I remember from working on the films that they left in May 1988, not 1987. Our partners, Azerbaijani journalists, looked for eye-witnesses to speak about the alleged events in Kapan in November 1987 and could not find any.
Some
#Karabakh
updates. Turmoil and tragedy continue in the region. On 24 September the predicted exodus of thousands of Karabakh Armenians began through the Lachin Corridor with more than 13,000 by this morning, and many more to follow in huge logjam of traffic.
After 3 weeks of war: A new *temporary* “humanitarian truce” has been declared between ARM & AZ forces, to come into force tonight as of 0000, 18/10. Announcement evokes both OSCE co-Chair nations’ statement + failed humanitarian ceasefire brokered 10/10 by Russia. 1/10
Looking for background reading about the
#Karabakh
conflict? Here's the introduction to my 2019 book
#Armenia
and
#Azerbaijan
: Anatomy of a Rivalry, which tries to see beyond the long obsolete idea of 'frozen conflict', with maps.
My book
#Armenia
and
#Azerbaijan
: Anatomy of a Rivalry is out now in paperback, with a 30% discount if you order direct from the
@EdinburghUP
website, using code PAPER30
Prescient quote from a Karabakh Contact Group participant in 2015: "Either Armenians and Azerbaijanis do this together, with each other, by themselves, for themselves, or someone is going to do it for them".
#Karabakh
: the ceasefire seems to hold locally, but there have reports of Azerbaijani small arms fire in the area of the international
#Armenia
-
#Azerbaijan
border; in NK Azerbaijani units control main roads, and it seems some Karabakh Armenian communities are cut off.
Second, the current potential, unprecedented in decades, to progress on other issues between
#Armenia
and
#Azerbaijan
is being sidelined. It may be that Azerbaijan is confident that it can impose its will at both inter-state and intra-state layers of the peace process.
Amnesty International documents Armenian use of prohibited cluster munitions in Barda, notes all sides are using them. Neither Armenia nor Azerbaijan are signatories to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
And as a person who cares about Azerbaijani policy outcomes surely you can see how this kind of language undermines the discourse of regional connectivity and ‘Pax Caucasia’? What was your message here?
@fismailzade
The immediate reason given is the deaths of six Azerbaijanis reported last night from mine explosions. But a supportive backdrop to this attack has been building for weeks in consistent Azerbaijani reports of ceasefire violations and digging of new positions by Armenian forces.
We are starting to see videos purporting to show Karabakh Armenian servicemen and civilians being abused and humiliated by Azerbaijani armed forces. There are numerous as yet unverified claims about atrocities.
Azerbaijani rhetoric, increasingly referring to Karabakh as a ‘grey zone’, underlining the intolerable presence of armed formations and calling for the dissolution of all structures associated with the de facto entity, has also clearly telegraphed Azerbaijani motivations.
Escalatory potential? If both sides can walk away with a narrative of success, could be another 4/5-day war. If not, then the motivation to prolong conflict and 'turn the tide' may keep hostilities going, with greater likelihood of external involvement. 9/9
European Parliament resolution adopted today demanding the immediate/ unconditional release of all Armenian prisoners detained by
#Azerbaijan
, military + civilian, adopted by 607 votes in favour, 27 against, 54 abstentions.
The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is traditionally framed as being about self-determination v territorial integrity. But the territorial dynamics at play have long since transcended this framework (thread, 1/11)
Visualising Russia’s “pivotal deterrence” policy. This is the security system that prevented major new war between
#Armenia
and
#Azerbaijan
for the last 15 years or so. It broke down on 27 September largely due to the appearance of a new alignment option for Azerbaijan - Turkey.
Societies across conflict subject to massive brutalisation through direct exposure to warfare + also mediatized war porn. Our thoughts are with all those in the line of fire today.
ARM + AZ FMs met in Geneva with OSCE's Minsk Group today, but no new ceasefire agreed. Instead, sides agree to observe international humanitarian law by not targeting civilian populations or non-military objects. Crucial that sides are held to this. 1/7
Third ceasefire agreed, this time brokered by US (after previous, failed Russian- and French-led efforts), to begin from 0800 local time tomorrow. Follows meetings of ARM + AZ foreign ministers with US officials.
Here's a page with a few of the panels, interviews and articles that I've done since October on the second
#Karabakh
war and its aftermaths
#Armenia
#Azerbaijan
#NKpeace
. Some more additions to come.
Through a series of interviews and articles, our South Caucasus Programme Director,
@LaurenceBroers
analyses the Second
#Karabakh
War, and what’s next for relations between
#Armenia
and
#Azerbaijan
.
Explore here:
Day 6, a brief summary: after very tentative signs of deceleration on Thurs/Friday, today saw a significant surge in fighting. All parties made statements or speeches indicating battles today seen as critical. ARM MoD says this is full-scale war, land + air + cyber. 1/7
On the day when Azerbaijan commemorates its victory in the 2020 war, reports today that Azerbaijani fire killed one Armenian civilian and wounded 3 others as they repaired waterworks on the Lachin-Stepanakert road.
This personal history of trauma tells the story of an Azerbaijani woman displaced in the 1990s, by
@indiepeaceuk
's Larissa Sotieva
#Azerbaijan
#Armenia
Great piece on new 🇦🇲🇦🇿social media initiatives: "I hope my children, who are born abroad, will witness this peace as I am trying to raise them without hate or prejudice towards anyone – something that no one taught me in school and I still have to learn myself.”
#NKpeace
After the war, a number of new grassroots initiatives have emerged bringing together Armenians and Azerbaijanis who want to try to build, or rebuild, ties. Our weekly Post-War Report.
But pivotal deterrence works best when its targets don’t have other alliance options. Turkey’s entry has changed that and pivotal deterrence has failed. Russia’s “hanging back” represents policy failure + scrabbling to think through a new one/what to keep of the old policy. 13/19
“Putin-as-strategist” school suggests hanging back is calculated: Moscow is allowing Azerbaijan + Turkey room for military action to undermine the Minsk Group, remind Armenia it needs Russia + indebt Erdogan, who benefits domestically if Azerbaijan takes back territories 3/19
This third blog by
@indiepeaceuk
’s Larissa Sotieva for
@OCMediaorg
tells the story of an Armenian soldier’s experience during and after the second
#Karabakh
war
This second in a series of four personal histories of trauma tells the story of an Armenian woman displaced from Ganja in late 1980s, and again from Nagorny
#Karabakh
in 2020, by
@indiepeaceuk
's Larissa Sotieva
#Azerbaijan
#Armenia
Current tensions therefore serve to maximise pressure on Armenia, remind Russia of its obligations, keep Azerbaijan mobilised around the axis of the conflict and keep the focus off discourses of self-determination.
Joint statement by
#Armenia
+
#Azerbaijan
announces confidence building measures, including reciprocal release of prisoners, affirms intentions to normalise relations. That this results from bilateral talks with no 3rd party mediation is also a signal.
After 2 failed ceasefires, outlook is bleak. Can only hope that this devastating war can be brought to an end before loss of even more lives on all sides.
A long-foreseen political crisis finally broke today in
#Armenia
, after comments by PM Nikol Pashinyan about the ineffectiveness of Armenia’s Iskander missile system in the Karabakh war last year reportedly invited criticism from the army’s General Staff.