LiorLefineder @lefineder Twitter profile

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

19 days

Threads and Graphs from last month. (aka May)🧵

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

How to beat Napoleon? Get an army nearly twice as large as him and then you've got a decent chance. "Napoleonic France won even though outnumbered on average by 9%, whereas their opposition won only when they outnumbered the French by typically 83%."

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

You won't believe what happened next.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

Simple diagram of the medieval economy

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Proof that men hit the wall at age 15

Thinkwert

@Thinkwert

2 months

This declines with age because a man’s fists harden into weapons over time from decades of bashing beams and drywall.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

Between 1468-1604, 60% of Bosnians converted to Islam. Due to the jizya tax those villages which were the poorest in the 1468 ottoman tax register had the highest share of Muslims in the 1604 register. Differential conversation of the poorest to Islam created persistent

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

A lot has changed over the past 1600 years, in late antiquity the largest city in Europe was Constantinopolis, while now it's Istanbul.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

25 days

People used to work around 3000 hours a year, now it's closer to 1600 hours, almost half as much.

norvid_studies

@norvid_studies

26 days

reading a book about daily life in 1800s now and probably the most viscerally alien part of it, relative to current fabric of life, is how much more everyone worked. people would work sunup to sundown, 6 days a week, to barely make enough wage to buy food for themselves

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

3 months

This map shows the distribution of ancient cuneiform inscriptions. Both of the red dots that are in northern Romania and southern Egypt are inscribed with the exact same sentence. Guess it.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

In Renaissance Venice, nobles made up 4% of the population but were responsible for 22% of assaults. This pattern of violent behavior among the nobility was not isolated to Venice and can be seen at other times and places.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 years

@kitten_beloved What's the problem?

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

During the entirety of the Roman Empire, the Romans never lost more battles than they won.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Land travel time to London on the old roads in 1680 and on the turnpike roads in 1830.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

This is remarkably true, there were more people with a university degree in medieval England than in early industrial-era England.

Wrath Of Gnon

@wrathofgnon

1 month

@lefineder A higher percentage of the English population had university degrees in the 13th century than in the 19th century.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

3 months

"Darius, the Great King, King of Kings"

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Chronological distribution of active cuneiform archives in Babylonia, 702–330 BCE. Almost all stopped in 484 BC.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

3 months

Tax revenue in Roman provinces minus defense spending on the legions. The Western Roman Empire is a net fiscal negative while the East is a positive, Egypt is the most profitable province in the empire.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

In the past war captives were often enslaved but how were they prevented from escaping back to their homeland? The ancient Near East had a solution, they would blind them and relegate them to perform simple manual labor. This can be seen in the Assyrian relief below, but also in

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

10 months

Thinking marriage is better than celibacy was one of the prosecutable offenses by the Spanish Inquisition.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Acne is a disease of modernity, people in traditional societies don't tend to get it.

non aesthetic things

@PicturesFoIder

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Since the 1800s the average temp of the human body has been steadily decreasing. why is this the case?

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

National origin in the early US from surname analysis

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

11 months

Here is a map of all the coin hoards belonging to the Roman Empire that were found. So far there are 6,919,491 coins in 17,975 hoards.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

8 months

The Roman Empire produced several million square meters of polished marble slabs, this was possible because it invented and used water-powered stone-cutting machines. Below is a reconstruction of a four-bladed machine from Ephesos.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

Per capita killing by the state by type of regime during the 20th century.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Church taxes were collected from dioceses to Rome by the value of the diocese. From this data, we can infer what are the most economically developed regions in Europe c.1300. We see that they are N. Italy, Dutch-English trade regions near the channel, & France near the Pyrenees

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

Here is a comparison between the ethnicity of White Americans from census data and from 23andMe. There is a Pocahontas effect in which people prefer to identify with more exotic ancestry especially Italian rather than the most common ancestry, British.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

Study of 42,548 people in 29 ex-socialist countries, finds that people with former links to the communist party were both more likely to start and to fail in business, indicating people who were bad at succeding in the free market were negatively selected into the communist party

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

There was a massive decline of settelments in south China 4000 years ago, early bronze age collapse.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

3 months

Roman battle casualties are around 8.8% per battle. 4.2% When victorious and 16.1% in defeat.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

The result of this study align to what happened to Copts in Egypt, the jizya tax there led to the conversation of almost all the population to Islam making it the case that only the upper classes remained Christian.

Crémieux

@cremieuxrecueil

9 months

Egyptian Copts are a well-known example of a successful immigrant group in the United States, but did you know that they're also more successful than other Egyptians in Egypt? Despite being a historically persecuted minority, they do extremely well! In fact, this might be the

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Medieval universities were tough. For French students of law, only 20–35% of students passed their exams, and only 5–10% obtained a license.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

The effect of an individual on the course of history. Martin Luther had a network of over 120 correspondents and hundreds of students in German cities. Cities that had direct ties to him were more than twice as likely to turn Protestant by 1530.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

"medieval kings were itinerant. They did not reside for long periods in one place...Economically, it might be cheaper..to move the king, his retinue, and their horses to the supplies of food, drink, and fodder rather than vice versa." Movements of Philip I and Henry IV

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Interesting article; looks at 486 historical battles and finds that the rate of battle casualties remains the same regardless of the size of the armies. Whether it's 100 of 100k troops fighting in an engagement the same percentage of them tend to die.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Thucydides stated that Athens replaced the yearly tribute on Delian League members of 600 Talents with a 5% import/export tax. If 600 Talents = 5% Import/Export then total trade in Ionia/Black Sea equals 12K Talents, or 240,000,000–348,000,000 USD.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Meta-analysis of 92 longitudinal studies showing how personality changes across the lifespan. Young people are not very conscientious.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

10 months

In the 18th century, the English parliament legislated a series of "turnpike acts" in which a person was allowed to collect tolls on a road on condition of maintaining it. This led to an explosion of road construction in which close to 20,000 miles (32,000km) of roads were built

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

An interesting trend is that in Orthodox countries the collapse of the USSR led to an increase in religiosity but in Catholic countries, it didn't.

Slazac 🇺🇸🇺🇦🇹🇼🌐

@TrueSlazac

1 month

Insane how fast the decline of religion in Poland has been in just 10 years

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

People with more common surnames live longer.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

English surnames with a location-based surname tend to be of higher social status. In medieval tax returns, people with locative surnames are the most likely to be counted as taxpayers. They were also significantly overrepresented in the student rolls of medieval universities

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

The fact that in a significant part of recorded history, the wealthiest and most privileged groups in society were responsible for a disproportionate share of violence is a slight hindrance to the idea that criminality is caused by deprivation.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

Maps from "The new Penguin atlas of medieval history - McEvedy, Colin"

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

In a different study looking at the performance of a large number of historical generals, Napoleon was found to have the highest numbers of victories above the average performance of a general (WAR = wins above replacement)

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

We know from Neo-Sumerian records that they built ships with a capacity as large as 90 tons. Yet the first time we find a shipwreck of a ship that large is from the Greek classical age.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Until WW2 Majority of soldiers did not die on the battlefield. Most deaths were from disease.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Roman devotion to war.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

The jizya and other financial obligations placed on Christians meant that conversation to Islam reduced tax rates by 45% and increased disposable income by 25%. The jizya tax would also be needed to be paid as a lump sum payment making in particularly onerous to the poor.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

8 months

Diocletian’s Price Edict lists 49 sea routes and their prices, revealing what are the most commonly traveled ship routes in the Roman Empire. The priciest trip is from Portugal to Turkey costing 26 denarii, since daily wages were around 2 denari

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

During most of the Anglo-French conflicts the population of France was around 3.5 times the pop of the U.K.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

8 months

Maps from Orbis, a model of speed and cost of transport in the Roman Empire. Travel time to Rome in days in July:

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

26 days

The British industrial revolution didn't depend on local coal; due to improvements in transport, you could ship wood all the way from St. Petersburg to Britain for a price slightly higher than that of local coal. And it didn't depend on steam either.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Where the French revolution was rejected.

Simon Kuestenmacher

@simongerman600

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Where in France are large families (3+ kids) most common? Source:

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

Income per households in the 1468 ottoman tax register is still predictive of the share of muslims in latter period, from the Austro-Hungarian period to modern Bosnia.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 years

@Loca1ion 2 world wars and for what?, the beavers won..

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Type of gifts Bronze Age rules sent each other in the Armana letters.

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@lefineder

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

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What usually happens to captive warriors? From an anthropological survey of non-state societies.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

There is a bizarre jump in illegitimacy rates in early 19th Germany. Apparently, it was caused by various German territories experimenting with making it illegal for poor people to get married. Around the 1860s those laws were repealed and rates dropped.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

Oh no.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

11 months

The spread of copper metallurgy in Eurasia

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

The fact that males engage in much more interpersonal violence but female rulers are much more likely to start wars indicates to me that the type of factors that cause personal violence are different than the factors that cause state violence.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

3 months

Romanian inscription:

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Singapore seems unique among wealthy industrialized countries in having a low share of government spending as a share of the GDP.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Sources:

Napoleon was the Best General Ever, and the Math Proves it.

Ranking Every* General in the History of Warfare

towardsdatascience.com

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Contrary to popular perceptions that everyone in the middle ages were tortured to confess their crimes. 80% of people tried for crimes in 14th century England were acquitted.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Regional personality traits and their correlates in US, Germany and UK. US (n = 3,387,303)

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@lefineder

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Origin of English first names in records, 690-1306. Earliest are almost all Old-English, Scandinavian names appear and increase in the Viking era. An explosion of Continental Germanic (=Norman) names appears after conquest. High Middle Ages see an increase in Christian names.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

"moving from zero income to the sample average decreases the share of Muslims households by 23 percentage"

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

It's an evolutionary mystery why homosexuality exists. looking at fertility by birth cohort there was always a substantial fertility gap between gay and straight people.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

On the growth of english schooling.🧵 Richard II made it illegal for feudal lords to stop anyone from sending thier children to school.

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@lefineder

1 year

From data on 156 battles. 102 French wins,41 losses, 13 no clear victor.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Keeping things running is hard. Uninterrupted supply of electricity and water is only universal among wealthy countries, many poor countries have outages almost every single day.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

The null hypothesis: France always wins.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

11 months

The skeleton of King Richard III shows he sustained 11 injuries before falling in battle in 1485. He was assailed by assailants and had his helmet removed, The picture shows a penetrating wound to his cheek, probably by a knife.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

In 12th BCE, “the years of distress", "Zadamma & Ku’e, his wife" are forced to sell "their 2 sons and their 2 daughters–Ba’la-bia, Ba’la-belu, Ishma’-Dagan,& Ba’la-ummi —into slavery" To guarantee their survival. The feet of the kids were pressed into clay as a form of signature:

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

Graph of the amount of travel by English kings. A transition occurred around the time of the Tudors in which kings no longer took their retinue from place to place but ruled from a centralized location.🧵

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

The Ottoman empire did as the Romans do and debased it's currency as it ran into trouble. The golden age was gone and due to rapid inflation so was the age of silver. Similar patterns exists in many empires.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

At last, it was not guns or cannons that defeated Napoleon, but that humblest of all God's creatures the Russian winter.

LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Using a straightedge and a compass and the following graphs guess in which year Napoleon's disastrous eastern campaign started.

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@lefineder

1 year

What did ordinary people spend their money on before the industrial revolution? Mostly food and clothing.

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@lefineder

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@lefineder

3 months

Egyptian inscription:

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@lefineder

2 months

You can tell how historically important pastoralism was to the diet of the arabs, given that the highest rate of lactose tolerance in the region is in Arabia.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

Historically, It was often the case for armies to massacre their enemies in battle. But how often? Using an existing database of nearly 9000 battles I've plotted the rate at which armies massacred their enemies in battle since the Bronze Age.🧵

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

2 months

@norvid_studies Actually more commonly in use than what I expected.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Probably due to the decreasing burden of disease, fever is likely an adaptive response to fight off diseases as the spread of diseases waned people became cooler.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

3 months

In the UK Biobank, there is a genetic correlation between walking speed and intelligence, educational accomplishment, and income. For some reason, the same genes that cause fast walking speed are also responsible for higher IQ, income, and years of education.

Nicholas Fabiano, MD

@NTFabiano

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Fast walkers have higher IQ and larger brains than slow walkers. 🧵1/9

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

8 months

The various currencies in medieval Europe.

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@lefineder

9 months

Despite being by far the wealthiest class, the Venetian nobility had a much lower rate of book ownership than the citizenry and a similar rate of ownership to simple shopkeepers and craftsmen. In Venice, The professional class was more educated than the hereditary class.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 year

Mean physical attractiveness by occupation for 4500 Americans in the general social survey. Attractiveness is not self-rated but is rated by the interviewer.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

9 months

The same pattern is seen in other Italian states in France and in England.

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@lefineder

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Norman expansion, from a couple of Vikings that were given France lands in exchange for protections to conquerors of England, South Italy, North Africa, and the Kingdom of Antioch.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

1 month

The conversation of Bosnia to Islam.

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@lefineder

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Trade roads of the medieval world

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@lefineder

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@MattPrinciple Tocharians, Indo-Aryans, and Scythians were mostly west-to-east movements. But you are right that in the past 2 millennia movements were mostly from the east to the west. I have been thinking about this, I don't think it's geography.

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@lefineder

1 month

The study is: "Religious change and persistence in Bosnia: Poverty, conversions, and nationalism, 1468-2013" by Leonard Kukic and Yasin Arslantas

Religious change and persistence in Bosnia: Poverty, conversions, and

While economic historians have invested a great deal of effort into understanding the economic consequences of religion, they have invested comparatively little effort into understanding the determina

ideas.repec.org

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

8 months

Distribution of 155 water-lifting devices in the Roman Empire. Water mills, pumps, shadoofs. Given that surviving devices should represent a small percentage of what originally existed, it's possible that the Roman economy was more industrialized than what is commonly thought.

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LiorLefineder

@lefineder

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The monotony of everyday life in 100 B.C., from Roman writer Lucretius. "Often a man leaves his spacious mansion because he is utterly bored with being at home...

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