"A tireless chronicler and commentator on all things climate" -NYTimes. Climate lead
@stripe
, writer
@CarbonBrief
, scientist
@BerkeleyEarth
, IPCC/NCA5 author.
After three years of work by a team of over 750 scientists, we are releasing the US 5th National Climate Assessment today!
We see greater impacts of climate change on the US since the 2018 NCA4 report, but also some encouraging signs of progress.
It's a bit eye opening how many time I, a climate scientist, have been called a denier in the last 24 hours for having the temerity to say our children are not necessarily consigned to an apocalyptic hellscape of a future.
Doomism is a disease, and a self-fulfilling prophesy.
The first global temperature data is in for the full month of September. This month was, in my professional opinion as a climate scientist – absolutely gobsmackingly bananas. JRA-55 beat the prior monthly record by over 0.5C, and was around 1.8C warmer than preindutrial levels.
I object to this chart, because it turns out that the reconstruction of a single location based on an ice core drilled 40 years ago in Greenland that ends in 1885 is not a good representation of global temperatures. If we use hundreds of sites and proxy records worldwide we get:
Case in point of why the media needs to be careful when publishing sensational stories about material demand for clean energy.
The
@guardian
runs a story that US vehicles require 300 million tons of lithium. Than realizes they messed up the units and corrects it to be 300k tons!
Spending $300 billion to combat desertification won't "buy up to 20 years of time to fix global warming" if we continue to increase our emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This article is quite confused and misleading.
$300 billion. That’s the amount of money needed to stop the rise in greenhouse gases and buy up to 20 years of time to fix global warming, according to UN climate scientists
Our best estimate is that 100% of the warming the world has experienced is due to human activities. Natural factors – changes in solar output and volcanoes – would have led to slight cooling over the past 50 years:
California is planning to shut down its last nuclear plant soon. From a carbon-free electricity standpoint, this is the equivalent of tearing down every wind turbine in the state, or half of our solar panels. From a new article by my colleague
@_A_Stein_
:
Its hard to overstate just how exceptionally high global temperatures are at the moment. They have blown past anything we've previously experienced by a huge margin.
Over at The Climate Brink, we try and visualize this summer of extremes in seven charts.
The new IPCC 6th Assessment Report (AR6) provides an unprecedented degree of clarity about the future of our planet, and the need to reduce – and ultimately eliminate – our emissions of greenhouse gases.
In this thread I take a look at some key findings from the report: 1/27
BREAKING: June 2023 has blown away all prior records for the month of June, coming in at a staggering 0.16C above the prior record set in 2019.
It was around 1.46C above the typical temperatures we saw in June in the preindustrial era (1850-1899).
The Tonga eruption yesterday appears to be one of the largest volcanic events we have seen in decades.
We do not know how much cooling SO2 it has put in the stratosphere (data will come in later today), but this is the effect a Pinatubo-sized volcano would have on temps today:
For every degree (Celsius) of climate change, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases by around 7%.
This results in more intense extreme rainfall events almost everywhere as the world warms:
Climate change is due to our cumulative emissions, not just our emissions today.
While rich countries have started decreasing emissions in recent decades, rich country emissions are still responsible for a substantial majority of the 1.2C warming to-date
Big news: recent CO2 emissions have been revised notably downward in the just-released
@gcarbonproject
dataset. The revisions – due to a major reassessment of land-use – suggest emissions have likely been flat rather than increasing over past decade: 1/19
Always be skeptical when you see stuff like this. It turns out that:
1) all those scary sounding chemicals are not particularly scary
2) wind turbines actually do get recycled and
3) the amount of waste is tiny compared to coal ash and impacts are tiny vs burning fossil fuels
The legacy of wind turbines. Millions of worn-out wind turbine blades, containing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonates. They cant be recycled so they are left to rot.
#GreenEnergy
I have some big career news: I'll be joining the team over at
@stripe
as their climate research lead, helping to scale permanent carbon removal to meet the challenges of dealing with hard-to-decarbonize sectors of the economy and drawing down atmospheric CO2 later in the century.
We need to do much more to tackle climate change, but there is some good news for once.
In
@Nature
this week,
@ClimateFran
and I point out that falling costs of clean energy and strengthening climate policies move us away from the darkest climate futures:
Nope, a new Icelandic volcano would put an equivalent of a few hours of current global CO2 emissions over its lifetime.
Volcanoes emit megatons, humans emit gigatons.
After a year of work our paper on evaluating performance of historical climate models is finally out! We found that 14 of 17 the climate projections released between 1970 and 2001 effectively matched observations after they were published. 1/19
Every time I discuss climate science folks inevitably ask "what about the sun".
Over the long term the sun has a big impact. But over the past 50 years when the Earth has warmed rapidly, the amount of energy reaching us from the sun has slightly declined:
Ocean heat content in 2019 was the warmest on record by a sizable margin. Between 2018 and 2019 the oceans absorbed an amount of heat around four times larger than all the energy used by humans in the world.
This is legitimately nuts. Mail delivery is quite possibly the perfect use case for electric trucks (most routes <70 miles, constant stop-and-go, etc.), but instead we are locking in two more decades of gas guzzlers.
"While volcanic eruptions do cause an increase in atmospheric CO2, human activities emit a Mount St. Helens-sized eruption of CO2 every 2.5 hours and a Mount Pinatubo-sized eruption of CO2 twice daily."
-NASA
Humans emit 100x more annually than volcanoes:
The rate of warming has increased notably over the past 15 years. This is not just natural variability – there is increasing evidence that the world is now warming faster than it has since 1970.
However, this should not come as a surprise; acceleration is exactly what our models…
“I unequivocally reject, scientifically and personally, the notion that children are somehow doomed to an unhappy life”. The great
@DrKateMarvel
in
@ezraklein
's new column (also feat.
@leahstokes
,
@dwallacewells
, and me):
In a new analysis, we find there are now 32 countries that have absolutely decoupled economic growth from CO2 since 2005. In these places both territorial emissions and consumption emissions (which include CO2 imported in goods) are falling.
A thread: 1/21
This is probably the most important figure in the new IPCC WG3 report. We need to accelerate the deployment of mature clean energy technologies and behavioral shifts this decade even as we work to develop the technologies we will need for the next few:
This is mind boggling silly. We’ve put 2.5 trillion tons of CO2 in the atmosphere. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by 1.1 trillion tons after being relatively stable for millennia before we started emitting. It’s hard to get more clear-cut causality.
The fact that Texas has more than 3x the solar capacity coming online this year than California should make us reassess what we consider effective policy here.
Yes, targets and subsidies are important, but so are interconnections and regulatory reform.
A sad example of how a lie will fly around the whole world while the truth is getting its boots on.
What this graph really shows is a single day's temperatures from a weather model, compared to the 1979-2000 average. Here is what the daily data actually looks like over time:
The argument that nothing the US does on climate will matter without China is a lot less compelling when you realize that China already spends well over twice as much as we do annually on building clean energy technologies:
Hi, climate scientist here. We keep putting out massive synthesis reports on the causes and impacts of climate change let by thousands of scientists worldwide. In fact, one just came out yesterday. It’s not our fault that you ignore them.
The world has made real progress in bending down the curve of future emissions.
While we remain far from on track to meet our climate goals, the positive steps we’ve made should reinforce that progress is possible and despair is counterproductive.
If we had started reducing emissions in 2000 the world would have had a gentle slope downward to limit warming to well-below 2C.
23 years later we face a steep decent to limit warming to 2C, and a near-cliff to achieve 1.5C without substantial net-negative global emissions
Your regular reminder that, no, we are not all doomed, and climate meltdown can be stopped.
But it’s up to us, and depends on how fast we can take action to cut emissions. We’ve made some progress in recent years, but still have a long way to go:
Today Syukuro Manabe won the
@NobelPrize
for physics for his foundational work on climate modeling.
Back in 1970, Manabe made the first specific projection of future warming, arguing the global temps would increase by 0.57C between 1970 and 2000. He was spot-on: it warmed 0.54C.
The first climate model that estimated how the world might warm in the future was published in 1970.
That model, as well as ones published in the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and 2000s, have done a remarkably good job predicting what actually occurred in the years after they were published
Hi internet, the fake paper we published on April 1st about whale-based carbon removal was a joke. That day is April fools, where we say things that are so obviously silly that everyone sees them as a joke.
But it looks like someone missed the date…
It’s just sad that
@elonmusk
, who started the world biggest EV company and one of the largest solar companies in an effort to fight climate change, is now spending his time amplifying voices that attack clean energy and dismiss climate science.
It is now official: November was the warmest November on record by a wide margin in the JRA-55 dataset, beating the prior record set in 2020 by 0.3C.
November 2023 was 1.6C above preindustrial levels, and the year-to-date temperatures are 1.4C above preindustrial.
The world is on track to experience its warmest August on record, beating the prior record set in 2016 by a fairly large margin. This further increases the likelihood that 2023 will be the warmest year since global records began in the mid-1800s.
Here are monthly absolute temperatures (compared to anomalies). This September would not have been out of place as a typical July this decade in terms of global temperatures.
India has attempted large scale forest restoration for decades. We have just published one of the first systematic evaluations of these efforts. We find that decades of tree planting have had almost no impact on forest canopy cover or rural livelihoods. A Thread.
How do recent extreme global temperatures compare to climate models? Lets first look at the last generation of models (CMIP5), which have generally performed well at reproducing observations. Here we see observations well above the 95th percentile of models in September.
If emissions had peaked back in 2000 we would be skiing down a bunny slope toward 1.5C. Today we face a double black diamond, and in a few years it will be a cliff.
We are almost certainly going to overshoot 1.5C and need large-scale permanent carbon removal to get back down.
Its now official: July was the warmest July on record by a huge margin in
@CopernicusECMWF
's ERA5 dataset, beating the prior record (set in 2019) by 0.33C. It was between 1.5C and 1.6C above preindustrial levels (depending on the dataset used to estimate pre-1950 temperatures).
For what its worth, we have been projecting future warming since the first climate models in the late 1960s/early 1970s. We can look back to see how well they have performed. It turns out our models generally did a good job:
One of our most stark findings in the recent IPCC report is that humans are the cause of pretty much all observed warming.
Natural forcings alone would have led to flat or slightly cooling temps, and multidecadal variability is unlikely to play a major role in modern warming.
This is an amazing visualizations by
@alxrdk
showing global temperatures from 1850 to today, and different pathways we might take in the future. This definitely wins the award for best warming stripes in my book!
Areas in both Canada and Oregon just hit 117F. To put that in perspective, that would break the all-time highest temperature record in Las Vegas, which is in the middle of the Mojave desert.
Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels hit a record high in 2022.
This is up 1% from 2021, and beats the pre-pandemic highs of 2019, according to the new
@gcarbonproject
report.
@PFriedling
and I break down details over at
@CarbonBrief
:
A thread: 1/x
If the world had started reducing emissions back in 2000, limiting warming to well-below 2C this century would have us skiing down a bunny slope.
Today we are facing a black diamond, and waiting another decade means going down a cliff.
People often tell me that the planet is too big for humans to change the climate.
But they don't grasp just how massive our CO2 emissions have been. Since the late 1700s we've emitted 1.7 trillion tons, more than the total biomass on earth or everything ever built by humans.
Based on the latest ERA5 data, 2020 was the warmest on record over land by a fair margin, tied for the warmest for the global as a whole, but only the 3rd warmest over the oceans.
The world's land (where we all live) was 1.94C (3.5F) warmer than the preindustrial period in 2020.
CO2 traps heat, and human emissions have increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by 50% since the industrial revolution.
But most folks don't know that we are not relying on models for this; we can directly measure the trapping of heat by CO2:
The scale of climate change can be a bit mind-boggling at times.
For example, the Greenland ice sheet has lost over 6 trillion metric tons of ice since 1970 – or more than 700 tonnes lost per person for every person on the planet today:
Trees are a great way to suck up carbon from the atmosphere and support ecosystems.
But as I discuss in today's
@nytimes
, we quickly run into problems when we pretend that they can effectively undo our emissions: 1/
Happy to announce that my son Xavier was born two weeks ago on November 27th!
In related news, I might be around a bit less over the next few months as sleep takes precedence over talking about climate 😉
One of the most compelling
#ShowYourStripes
figures is this one by
@ed_hawkins
showing global temperatures over the past 2000 years along with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere:
Climate scientist here; stuff like this is dangerously inaccurate.
If we stop emissions tomorrow, the earth will remain around 1.2C above preindustrial temps. If we get to net-zero emissions by 2060 or so, we can still limit warming to well below 2C.
The next seven days are expected to reach near-record lows in the Northeast US. At the same time, they will be quite warm globally, around 1.2C above preindustrial temperatures. Resist the temptation to make claims about long-term warming based on short-term localized weather.
Despite today's grim milestone with the world passing 1.5C over the past 12 months, I see some reasons for cautious climate hope.
We stand both on the brink of severe climate impacts, but also on the brink of a rapid energy transition away from fossil fuels.
In the Bay Area most homes do not have air conditioning. It used to only get above 85F around 5 days a year back in the 1970s (or 1900s). Today it gets above 85F around 15 days per years (and this doesn't include the exceptional 2020 heatwave).
This is climate change.
Today's sabotage of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines resulted in a substantial release of methane to the atmosphere. Initial estimates suggest ~115,000 tons CH4 from Nord Stream 2, amounting to ~3.2 million tons CO2-eq (GWP100). Possibly double this when accounting for NS1.
Germany and the UK both lead the world in renewables, representing 40% of their electricity in 2020.
But UK electricity emissions have fallen 70% since 1990, while Germany's have only fallen by 50%. UK has prioritized replacing coal, while Germany has shut down nuclear first.
While the global as a whole has warming around 1.2C since preindustrial times, land areas where we all live have on average warmed close to 2C already.
In honor of
#ShowYourStripes
day, here are land, ocean, and global stripes all shown relative to the same temperature range:
It seems like we've recently crossed a perceptual climate tipping point, with climate-driven extremes like heat waves, wildfires, and torrential rains impossible to ignore. We used to think it was mainly a problem for our children; we are starting to realize its a problem for us.
Senator Cruz, as a climate scientist I can authoritatively state the climate change is a global phenomenon, and not just something that affects the citizens of Paris.
By rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, President Biden indicates he’s more interested in the views of the citizens of Paris than in the jobs of the citizens of Pittsburgh. This agreement will do little to affect the climate and will harm the livelihoods of Americans.
New UNEP Emissions Gap Report shows that current commitments are far from sufficient to meet Paris goals, and limiting warming to 1.5C is quickly "slipping out of reach" as emissions continue to increase. My latest at
@CarbonBrief
: 1/7
Whats driving record-setting global temperatures in 2023?
A switch from persistent La Niña conditions to a growing El Niño on top of warming from human emissions, with minor contributions from the solar cycle, the HT volcano, and marine low sulphur fuel standards.
To say that global temperatures in July have been exceptional is an understatement. The monthly is on track to shatter the prior July record by a massive margin, be the warmest month in terms of both absolute temperatures and anomalies.
Electricity generation in the US from coal has fallen by 60% in just the past decade. I think a lot of us under-appreciate just how rapid and unprecedented a change we've seen in the power sector:
There's grim news in the IPCC report, but also reasons for hope. We're flattening the curve of future emissions, and the darkest climate futures a decade ago are much less likely now. We can both celebrate progress and acknowledge how far we have to go: 1/
CO2 emissions are flatting. This is good news, but it does not mean global warming will stop. Rather, it means that warming continues at the same rate rather than accelerating. To stop the world from warming we need zero emissions.
This is the brutal math of climate change.
We are in a very different world when Biden takes office in 2021 than we were at the start of the Obama administration in 2009.
In the last decade we've succeeded in making clean energy cheap, and technology can go a long way in enabling more ambitious climate policy.
We underestimate just how big a difference global warming can make to the likelihoods of extremes.
200 years ago odds of an event like the Pacific NW heatwave would have been 1 in 150,000 years
With 1.2C global warming it was a 1 in 1,000 years
At 2C it would be 1 in 10 years
The world has warmed about 1.2C since the mid-1800s. Our best estimate is that all of this warming is due to human emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
@carbonbrief
The ship has largely sailed on limiting warming to 1.5C at this point, barring us getting very lucky with low climate sensitivity or actively geoengineering the climate.
But there still are viable paths to limit warming to below 2C this century, as shown in the figure below:
Global surface temperatures have increased by around 1.2C since the late 1800s. But the vast majority of that warming (about 1C of it) has occurred since 1970.
At current warming rates the world is on track to pass 1.5C above preindustrial levels in early 2030s and 2C in 2060.
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, and is responsible for about a quarter of the warming we have experienced to-date. Reducing methane emissions is an important part of climate mitigation. Its also important to understand that methane is very different from CO2.
A thread: 1/9
Last June was the warmest on record,
last July too,
last August too,
last September too,
last October too,
last November too,
last December too,
last January too,
and last February too.
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is not the same as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and we need to stop inaccurately conflating the two.
CDR removes atmospheric CO2. Its carbon negative.
CCS (w/fossil fuels) reduces the amount of CO2 emitted. It's at best carbon neutral.
Its now official: 2023 was the warmest year on record in the JRA-55 dataset, at 1.43C above preindustrial levels.
It beat the prior record set in 2016 by 0.14C, and continues a rapid warming trend thats seen global temperatures rise around 1C since 1970.
If anyone out there watched
@MMFlint
's risible documentary trashing renewables because the construction of solar panels and wind turbines uses fossil fuels, you should know that their lifecycle impacts are tiny compared with either coal or gas generation:
September temperatures are now out from our Berkeley Earth dataset. Looking at all the Septembers back to 1850 helps highlight just how anomalous this month has been:
We often talk about climate change in terms of global averages, e.g. the world has warmed 1.2C since preindustrial.
But no one lives in the global average; land areas have already warmed more than 1.8C on average, and many high latitude regions have already warmed more than 2C:
The last 12 months have been the driest period in the Western US since records began in 1895.
In a typical year the the western US gets around 17 inches of rain on average. Over the last 12 months we have only gotten 8.7 inches.
There is a big problem today where countries and large companies are investing in forests and soil carbon to offset their fossil CO2 emissions.
This fundamentally does not work from a physical climate perspective, and threatens to undermine net-zero targets.
A thread: 1/12
The IPCC 6th Assessment Report features a new emissions scenario – SSP1-1.9 – limiting warming to 1.5C in 2100 with limited overshoot. It requires the world reach net-zero by 2055.
However, under the hood it assumes a huge amount of negative emissions over the 21st century. 1/5
Shutting down the Indian Point nuclear plant than vetoing the offshore wind that was planned to help replace its clean generation seems like a pretty bad decarbonization strategy on the part of New York.
Your regular reminder that the only way to stop the world from continuing to warm is to get our CO2 emissions to zero. If emissions remain above zero, the world continues to warm.
Conversely, the only way to cool the planet back down long-term is to remove more CO2 than we emit
Today we released our 2021 temperature data from
@BerkeleyEarth
. It was the 6th warmest year on record, (5th for land, 7th for oceans). 25 countries and 1.8 billion people saw the warmest year on record.
If the rate of warming continues we will pass 1.5C in 2033 and 2C in 2059.