Am I taking a break from pandemic-related news? Is the pandemic over? No, then why in the midst of the pandemic, I’m doing this long thread on something different? Will disclose the reason in the end.....but I think this fascinating tale needed to be told to my twitter family 1/
Can a cup of tea keep COVID away?
A recent study demonstrates that certain teas inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva.
Researchers demonstrate how certain teas inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva—in some cases by up to 99.9%. 1/
COVID’s – and other viruses’ – Achilles' heel identified!
Researchers have identified how the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 takes advantage of our cellular machinery to replicate and spread in the body, and, importantly, a way to stop it. 1/
All variants of SARS-CoV-2, e.g. Wuhan, Gamma, Delta and Omicron/BA.1 including novel recombinants XBBs, are able to invade the brain, most likely via the olfactory nerves, and of promoting inflammation in the nervous tissue. 1/
XBB.1.16
#Arcturus
For the last 2 days, have started getting pediatric Covid cases once again after a gap of 6 mo! An infantile phenotype seems emerging—treated infants w/ high fever, cold & cough, & non-purulent, itchy conjunctivitis w/ sticky eyes, not seen in earlier waves
The first reports of the presence of coronavirus in the central nervous system in COVID-19 pediatric patients, emphasizing the neurotropism and neuroinvasion characteristics of the virus.
The silent reservoir?
SARS-CoV-2 may be hiding in middle ear!
In a new study, those diagnosed with otitis media with effusion (OME) after COVID-19, 12.0 % of middle ear effusion samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, indicating a potential risk of recurrence. 1/
Mitochondria as being one of the root causes of longCovid?
➡️ A new study finds that SARS2 is able to block expression of both nuclear-encoded & mitochondrial-encoded mitochondrial genes, resulting in impaired host mitochondrial function. 1/
A new study finds that people with
#LongCOVID
have distinct patterns of inflammation detectable in the blood, which could potentially be targeted with immune therapies. The findings confirm that LongCOVID leads to ongoing inflammation which can be detected in the blood. 1/
According to a new study, a subset of the naive T-cells from healthy individuals were absent from the recovered individuals. Both COVID19 positive patients & the recovered individuals exhibited a CD40-CD40LG-mediated inflammatory response in the monocytes and T-cell subsets 1/
It has become clear that SARS-CoV-2, despite being a primarily respiratory pathogen, affects multiple tissues and organs including the nervous system. 1/
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has stunned the virologists & evolutionary biologists all over the world. It has even surpassed the hyper-mutability of the influenza’s H3N2 strain too!
In a new preprint, the evolution of the SARS2 Spike between Dec’23 & Feb’23 is analysed... 1/
No,
#LongCovid
(PASC) is real!
Now, a new, cellular level study has also proved that!
The study finds that altered mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of LongCovid patients may be contributing to the etiology of PASC. 1/
Why SARS-CoV-2 elicits mild symptoms at first but then, for a subset of patients, turn potentially fatal a week or so after infection? A recent study showed that distinct stages of illness correspond with the coronavirus acting differently in 2 different populations of cells 1/
The researchers studied 24 different types of teas. Of those, they found 5 that significantly reduced the virus in saliva: raspberry zinger, eucalyptus mint, mint medley, green tea & black tea, w/ black tea showing the greatest reduction. 3/
#LongCOVID
is believed to be an idiopathic disease resulting from chronic inflammation and an exaggerated immune response. Current evidence indicates that COVID-19 has long-lasting effects on the nervous system. 1/
A new study finds that a previously overlooked type of immune cell, interstitial macrophage is the most susceptible cell to infection by SARS-CoV-2 that’s responsible for the critical transition from a merely bothersome COVID-19 case to a potentially deadly one! 1/
A nasal spray of anti-diabetic drug,
#Metformin
may be effective against Covid19! Metformin as a nasal formulation has never been tested before.
A new study suggests three different ways in which metformin may work against SARS2 1/
#LongCovid
May Not Be Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Virus!
A study in the UK suggests that LongCovid may not be an inflammatory immune reaction to the SARS2 virus. Instead, the body appears to be responding to the activation of dormant viruses many of us already have in our systems 1/
Novavax protein Covid19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) does not induce notable increases in IgG4, even after multiple exposures, or impair Fcy-dependent effector responses as observed with mRNA vaccines like Pfizer & Moderna 1/
If you refuse vaccination, probably you have a lower IQ than those who accept it. This is what a new study on vaccine hesitancy related to Covid19 vaccines found.
“Higher intelligence was the strongest predictor for vaccine adherence (OR = 5.38)”
Emerging studies suggest that neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases), which are characterized by profound learning and memory impairments, seem to be mediated, at least in part, by a dysfunctional gut-brain vagal axis. 1/
New XBB.1.16 aka
#Arcturus
variant has now been detected in at least 12 countries.
Highest cases in India followed by the US, Brunei, Singapore and the UK.
In India, there is a 281% increase in cases 17% increase in deaths over the past 14 days. 1/
A new study finds that mask wearing by the index case is associated with the household transmission risk reduction by 67% & not sharing bedroom with the index case is associated with the risk reduction of household transmission by 78%. 1/
H/T:
@BagaiDr
A NEW antiviral, 2-thiouridine (s2U), targets positive-strand RNA viruses has been identified! This antiviral targets viruses like dengue, Zika, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis , West Nile, Chikungunya, SARS-CoV-2, rhinoviruses, & seasonal coronaviruses 1/
H/T:
@TRyanGregory
One to two weeks after contracting COVID, the SARS-CoV-2 virus generally becomes undetectable in the upper respiratory tract. But does that mean that it is no longer present in the body? 1/
COVID-19 was initially thought to be a respiratory disease; however, neurological complications have been described in human COVID-19 patients, although lung damage is the primary cause of death in most patients. 1/
Several studies have now suggested that there is a definite link between Covid-19 & an increased incidence of heart attacks. Even those with a milder Covid infection & recovery have increased chances of developing heart-related ailments or an early onset of cardiac problems. 1/
A new research finds a direct correlation between HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C) & ferritin levels and the severity of
#LongCOVID
. The decline in HDL-C levels & the rise in ferritin levels in patients could potentially play a role in persistence & progression of longCOVID symptoms 1/
COVID-19 is a multisystem disease and is associated with significant respiratory distress, systemic hyper inflammation, vasculitis & multi-organ failures. 1/
What’s
#LongCovid
?
No, it’s not a ‘functional neurological disorder’ or a ‘psychosomatic illness’.
“People with
#LongCovid
now have different physiology to people who do not have Long COVID.”
There are 5 different ways by which symptoms of LongCovid may be caused👇
Is Omicron a mild variant of SARS-CoV-2?
Think again!
A new study finds that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have increased in pathogenicity to XBB.1.5 which has a CFR near that of the Delta strain. 1/
A recent study from Brazil shows that SARS-CoV-2 can infect liver cells i.e. hepatocytes, stimulating glucose production & leading to hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients, even if their blood sugar level was normal before they were admitted to hospital. 1/
How long population immunity induced by natural infection, primary-series vaccination, and booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 lasts?
A new study from Qatar offers some clues. 1/
A new research underscores how much more we have to learn about what SAR-CoV-2 virus can do to our children, particularly to their brains. The study collected brain scan data from nearly 2 years’ worth of scientific literature to try to summarize what we know so far. 1/
Previous studies have pointed to retinal involvement in COVID-19, such as central retinal artery/vein occlusion and acute macular neuroretinopathy, which can directly damage vision 1/
ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 infection!
A new study shows that
#TMEM106B
, a lysosomal transmembrane protein, can serve as an alternative receptor for SARS2 entry into ACE2-negative cells. Spike mute E484D increased TMEM106B binding, thereby enhancing TMEM106B-mediated entry 1/
How did prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection influence the COVID19 Severity?
A new study after analysing a cohort of approx 7.5 million people of combined 1st & 2nd infections, concludes that a prior infection was associated with a significant slightly elevated risk of severe disease 1/
They prepared a drinkable infusion concentration using one tea bag per cup steeped for 10 minutes, w/ no additions such as milk or sugar. All five teas reduced the virus by at least 96% within 10 seconds in the mouth. Black tea was the most effective, reducing virus by 99.9% 5/
Researchers developed an intranasal trivalent MMS vaccine that can combat measles, mumps & various SARS-CoV-2 variants. The vaccine produced strong systemic & lung-specific immunity, offering protection against multiple SARS2 strains, including Delta & Omicron BA.1 variants. 1/
What’s going on in the brains of COVID-19 patients?
There is a long list of issues : cognitive decline, changes in brain size & structure, depression, suicidal thinking, tremors, seizures, memory loss, & new dementia have all been linked to previous SARS2 infections. 1/
Recently, there has been an increased association of COVID-19-positive patients presenting with ocular symptoms. As an increasing number of patients present with ophthalmic manifestations. 1/
A next generation, broadly protective, mucosal vaccine that cross-protects small animal models (mice & hamsters) from sarbecoviruses including SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. 1/
Individuals who did not receive XBB1.5-adapted vaccine & had received only older versions of COVID vaccines had little additional protection compared to the unvaccinated against COVID-19 endpoints, including hospital admission, regardless of number or type of prior doses 1/
"Waning of immunity” became a buzzword not only in academia & industry but also among the lay public when it became clear that the protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccines is not as durable as offered by other vaccines like measles. 1/
This is important because the virus infects & replicates inside the oral cavity, passing through oropharynx before reaching lungs. Inactivating SARS-2 in the mouth & throat matters because that potentially reduces the introduction of the virus to the lower respiratory tract 2/
COVID-19 accelerates the presence of 'zombie' or senescent cells, which accumulate gradually in the brain as we get older.
Senescent cells are known to drive tissue inflammation & degeneration, leaving patients exposed to cognitive impairments like brain fog & memory loss. 1/
The main entry point for SARS-CoV-2 into the body is ACE2 receptor. Researchers have now identified another receptor, called RAGE, present on the surface of monocytes, which can bind to SARS2 & allow it to enter cells, altering their function & leading to a worse prognosis. 1/
The rise of
#SARS2
variants & evidence of immunological interference (like OAS & weakened T-cell immunity) underscore the need for preemptive, next-gen vaccines that confer broad protection ag Covid
My piece in
@theWireScience
👇
@fitterhappierAJ
They conclude that other viruses might work this way as well. Ultimately, we would like to block the flu as well as COVID, and potentially other viruses such as RSV and Ebola. 13/
A genetic risk factor for the development of
#LongCovid
!
A new study identified the first genome-wide significant association for
#LongCOVID
at the FOXP4 locus. 1/
Did prior Covid-19 contribute to the surge of severe RSV infection in young kids?
A new retrospective study from Jan 1, 2010 through Jan 31, 2023 in the US concludes that prior Covid-19 had 40% higher risk of severe RSV infections among young children. 1/
SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy has been associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, including increased risk of prematurity, stillbirths, and severe maternal morbidity and mortality. 1/
When is the Indian Covid surge driven by XBB.1.16 going to peak?
Y’day India reported >7500 cases. Early trends point the tally would def cross 8500 today. However, there is a lot of speculations on when the current peak of the surge would peak. Let’s look for the answers 1/
Widespread microstructural alterations were seen in people with
#LongCOVID
neurologic symptoms and in people who had COVID but recovered. These changes were more compatible with accelerated aging, rather than with neurodegeneration 1/
Immunology is fascinating. Just found this interesting study published last year. It concludes that patients who developed mild COVID-19 may not be able to fight reinfection very effectively because their CD8+ T cells show signs of exhaustion. 1/
⚠️ Covid is NOT “common cold”! It is not also a respiratory virus alone, but a virus capable of causing a multisystem disease. But, how is SARS-CoV-2 able to navigate from tissue to tissue & cause this multi-system damage? 1/
Effectiveness of natural infection in preventing reinfection with the JN.1 variant!
➡️ The overall effectiveness of previous infection in preventing reinfection with JN.1 was estimated at only 1.8% (95% CI: -9.3-12.6%)!
Abnormal neurological manifestations are increasingly recognized in patients with COVID-19, which most commonly include anosmia, dysgeusia, and headache, followed by seizures, stroke, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. 1/
A new study provides the first evidence of SARS-CoV-2 ocular tropism via cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and that the virus can infect the retina via systemic permeation and induce retinal inflammation. 1/
Thus, these results indicate that the risk of infection through contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via hands is relatively low.
Therefore, infection control measures for COVID-19 should focus on preventing droplet and aerosol transmission. 3/
Vaccination Dramatically Lowers Long Covid Risk!
➡️ Several new studies reveal that getting multiple COVID vaccine doses provides strong protection against lingering symptoms 1/
A new study evaluated SARS-CoV-2 contamination levels by detecting viral RNA & viable viruses in samples obtained from the hands of 925 healthy individuals. 1/
A recent study links multiple viruses to a heightened risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD), including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disese.
There are currently 219 viral species known to infect humans, all of which cause inflammation in the body. 1/
What’s so peculiar about JN.1 variant?
It highlights the power of a single mutation! Pirola (BA.2.86) was lying dormant, almost listless. It took a single mute in its Spike (S:L455S) to provide a much needed spark & galvanise it to become the fittest variant globally!! 1/
When tested as a gargle, they brewed the tea at four times the concentration of the drinkable infusion, finding that all five varieties of tea reduced the virus by 99.9% within 10 seconds when gargled. 6/
Just wondering why most experts are not bothered by the rising Covid infections. They are only obsessed w/ only deaths & hospitalisations. This is a wrong narrative. If we are not able to prevent infections, we are playing in the hands of this virus 1/
Genetic instructions in our cells are transcribed from DNA to mRNA, then translated into proteins that enable functions such as cell-to-cell communication. 3/
The researchers concluded that the spread of the virus depends on SUMOylation proteins and that blocking access to the proteins would enable our immune system to kill it.
A new medication based on this discovery would be useful to patients in all stages of infection. 11/
At this stage, they are not suggesting tea as a stand-alone intervention against SARS-CoV-2, because the virus also replicates in the nose and may have already reached the lung by the time a person tests positive. 7/
A new study demonstrates the host response to COVID-19 infection in the nasopharynx, highlighting that severe COVID-19 is a double-defect disease, requiring first a defective early control of the virus mainly through the two mechanisms…….1/
Does SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to cause cancers?
What appears to be SARS-CoV-2’s ability to sometimes incite chronic inflammation. Cancerous viruses usually establish persistent long-term infections in their host, and they’re good at hiding from the immune system. 1/
2-High levels of population immunity may not be sustained for more than a year or so.
3-So, preventing infection/reinfection, transmission, or future waves of infection cannot sustainably be done with current vaccines nor by the entire population being infected. 10/
A new research found that the occurrences of respiratory disorders among patients who survived for 30 days after the
#COVID19
diagnosis continued to rise consistently, including asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, ILD, PVD, and lung cancer. 1/
The team tested the efficacy of tea both as a drink and as a gargle to provide an option for those do not want to drink tea but want a highly concentrated rinse that would provide the same benefits as drinking a cup of tea. 4/
Cortical thickness is altered in the brain structure of
#LongCOVID
patients with cognitive impairment!
A new study from Germany analyzed differences in cortical thickness between clinical subgroups based on 3T-MRI scans & signature inflammatory markers in n=120 participants 1/
Scientists still are not sure how neurological symptoms arise in COVID-19. Is it because SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain? Or are these symptoms the result of inflammation in the rest of the body? 1/
The researchers say identifying the similarity of action between SARS-Cov-2 and the influenza virus may lead to the development of a new class of antiviral medications with broad application. 12/
How SARS-CoV-2 replicates once it enters the cells, has made surprising discoveries that could be the foundation for future antiviral therapies. It also has important implications as replication of the SARS-CoV-2 has, so far, received less attention from researchers. 1/
COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing digestive diseases. The risks exhibited a stepwise escalation with the severity of COVID-19, were noted in cases of reinfection, and persisted even after 1-year follow-up. 1/
A new research shows that low iron levels and disrupted iron regulation in the body due to the viral infection may be contributing to long COVID symptoms. 1/
How SARS-CoV-2 causes cardiac arrhythmias in patients with Covid19 &
#LongCovid
?
➡️ A new study explores the acute and long term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the cardiac conduction system (CCS) in a hamster model of COVID-19. 1/
SARS-CoV-2 in neurodegenerative diseases!
SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause exacerbation of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanisms and pathways through which the virus infiltrates & impacts the CNS have been subjects of extensive research and scientific inquiry. 1/
SUMOylation* is one such post-translational modification that directly regulates viral replication and the body’s innate immune response.
*Small Ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) 5/
A recent study has shown elevated troponin levels in about 1 in 3 infants infected w/ SARS-CoV-2. Elevations were revealed to be more common in that group than in infants w/ other infections. The risk was particularly high in the youngest infants.
What’s happening in China is clearly not usual. That’s for sure. Is it caused by resistant Mycoplasma pneumonie? Studies show that resistance rates of M. pneumoniae to macrolides in Beijing are between 70% and 90%!
The indian saga of XBB.1.16
#Arcturus
It has been a month when
@siamosolocani
1st flagged this variant. Later, I started tracking it. We are still amid an ongoing surge, it’s time to take a stock of the situation: what we do know, what we don’t 1/
XBB.1.16 is showing big jump in Prevalence at least in four countries:
MH, India
Gujarat, India
Brunei
India (travellers to Singapore).
It could be the next thing, i think it will.
RNA viruses are known for their high mutational rates. Both measles & SARS2 are single stranded RNA viruses. While we are still using the same measles vaccine strain isolated from the throat of David Edmonston in 1954, the Covid vaccines have been updated thrice in last 3 yrs 1/
Researchers in a new study examined the post-translational modification mechanism that occurs during infection with SARS-CoV-2 to see if there is a way to stop its spread. 6/
XBB.1.16 seems cruising past all other variants right now!
XBB.1.16 remains the fastest growing lineage. Worldwide, it is doubling about every 5 days.
In comparison, XBB.1.9, the other lineage in race, is doubling every 8 days. 1/
H/T: SolidEvidence
A recent work shows how SARS-CoV-2 works like a clever saboteur inside our cells, making sure its own needs are met while disrupting our cells’ ability to defend themselves! It shuts down the machinery output & the ability to make the machinery itself – a serious double hit. 1/
A new, potent way to protect lungs against SARS-CoV-2 infection!
➡️ The mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies with lung-targeting capability can perfectly provide high-titer antibodies in lungs to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection. 1/
⚡️First data on lab study of XBB.1.16
#Arcturus
is out!
1-Relative effective reproduction number (Re) of XBB.1.16 is ~1.3-fold greater than the parental XBB.1, and ~1.2-fold greater than that of XBB.1.5. 1/
The new, updated, BNT162b2 omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine strongly increased anti-S IgG in all vaccinees and elicited potent neutralising responses against previous and contemporary SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including EG.5.1 and BA.2.86. 1/
A novel insights into the therapy of
#LongCOVID
A study provides compelling evidence that single exposure to S-RBD is sufficient to cause acute-to-prolonged damage to pulmonary vascular endothelium by triggering increased intracellular calcium concentrations 1/
The yeast Candida albicans can play a part in regulating the immune system.
An imbalance of fungi in the gut could contribute to excessive inflammation in people with severe COVID-19 or LongCOVID. 1/