Founder & CIO of
@CyberCapital
Europe’s Oldest Cryptocurrency Fund, full-time crypto researcher since 2014. My words are my own & are not investment advice.
1/6) Solana was DDoS attacked again yesterday
This attack exploited fundamental design flaws which are considered features by SOL
As it sacrifices decentralization & security for speed
While ignoring the consequences of that trade off
Specifically Proof of History & Turbine:
1/25) Solana has far too many red flags
Blockchains should never have downtime
Yet SOL has gone down at least 7 times since I first spoke out!
A consequence of their own design decisions
There are many examples of lies, fraud & bad design
Exposing a pattern of bad behavior:
1/18) I do not support SOL, there are far too many red flags.
Consistently displaying a pattern of bad behavior.
Prioritizing attracting ignorant investors over good blockchain design.
There are many examples of lies, fraud & bad design.
I will go over several in this thread:
1/6) In early April 2020 the Solana team stated that the total circulating supply was 8.2M.
When in reality the total circulating supply was above 20M!
Marking the start of a long series of lies, fraud & deception by SOL
The following story is all based on verifiable evidence:
1/25) I do not support SOL, far too many red flags
A blockchain with downtime is unacceptable
ETH & BTC never go down
SOL is suffering from the consequences of their own design decisions
There are many examples of lies, fraud & bad design
I will cover several in this thread:
1/25) Polygon is still highly insecure & centralized!
It would only take 5 people to compromise over $2B
Adding insult to injury 4 out of these 5 are the Polygon founders!
This is one of the largest hacks just waiting to happen
Reckless & irresponsible, a warning to the wise:
1/7) SOL has gone down again
This is the 8th time SOL has gone down in the past year!
Blockchains should never have down time, yet SOL goes down almost every month!
This is another consequence of bad design
As SOL prioritized attracting investors short-term over good design:
1/9) Elrond has solved the blockchain scaling trilemma!
EGLD is now the first chain that has crossed the scaling finish line
The holy trinity; state, execution & data sharding
All fully interoperable, achieving ETH's roadmap before ETH!
The future is now, the future is Elrond
1/14) Polygon in its current state is insecure & centralized!
It would only take 5 people to compromise over $5B!
4 of those people are the founders of Poly!
This is one of the largest hacks or exit scams just waiting to happen
Reckless & irresponsible, a warning to the wise:
1/6) The cryptocurrency top 50:
BTC - The king is dead
ETH - Long live the king
USDT - Trusted without trust
BNB - Wild West
USDC - Trust Brian
XRP - Decentralization LARP
ADA - Academic-paced innovation
DOGE - Started out as a joke; still a joke
MATIC - Ignore the admin key
Solana is broken; it fails to meet demand!
Before leaving crypto, try other chains!
Here are all L1s in the top 100 based on decentralization & scalability:🧵
BTC - Low capacity❌
BNB - Centralized❌
ETH - At capacity & centralized L2s❌
SOL - At capacity (parallelization)❌
1/25) HEX is a scam!
Technically not a Ponzi scheme but something much worse
HEX is designed to enrich its founder through ponzinomics
Unable to generate its own revenue, it purely relies on new investment to avoid collapse!
Not all cryptocurrency innovation has been good:
Buyer beware; a list of major red flags in the cryptocurrency top 50:
3. USDT - No proof of reserves
5. XRP - Claims to be decentralized but is not
13. MATIC - Admin key can steal user funds
19. LINK - Admin key can manipulate oracle prices
31. HBAR - Claims to be
1/20) Cardano has been propped up by false promises & claims
Promising the moon while only delivering mediocrity
ADA is one of the oldest 2nd generation blockchains
Yet it is objectively the least capable compared to all of the competition
I will cover why in this thread:
1/16) SUI has a great design, except for its token economics:
SUI claims to have a capped supply of 10B, with 52% being "unallocated" till 2030
The problem is that over 8B SUI is being staked right now!
Over 84% of the staked supply is held by founders! SUI is centralized: 🧵
6/6) This is just one aspect of SOL's design that exposes the bad faith of its creation
Prioritizing attracting ignorant cryptocurrency investors over good sustainable blockchain design
There are many examples like this in terms of design as well as lies & fraud, buyer beware
1/25) Elrond is the closest to solving the blockchain scaling trilemma!
The holy trinity; interoperable state, execution & data sharding
However, there are also major flaws which I will expose in this thread
Flaws that have to be overcome!
Here are the pros & cons of EGLD:
1/45) Solana has far too many red flags
SOL has gone down at least 9 times this year alone!
A consequence of their own design decisions; sacrificing decentralization & security for speed
There are many examples of lies, fraud & bad design
Exposing a pattern of bad behavior:
1/8) The roadmap released by
@VitalikButerin
today proves that ETH will never scale
There is, in fact, zero L1 scaling on the roadmap
Everything is focused on L2s instead of empowering people to use the blockchain directly
That is not cypherpunk at all
Looks like Arbitrum went down for an hour yesterday
At this stage, Solana is more reliable than ETH L2s!
While everyone rallies around BASE, which had $10 fees today!
That is what you get when you sacrifice the L1 on the altar of "L2 scaling"; unreliable & expensive custodians
1/11) BTC is unique in that it is technically one of the worst cryptocurrencies
It has a broken long-term security model
It lacks capacity, programmability & composability
With comparatively weak economic qualities
BTC is, in fact, a purely speculative asset without utility
1/5) The cryptocurrency top 50:
BTC - The king is dead
ETH - Long live the king
USDT - Trusted without trust
BNB - Wild west
USDC - Trust Brian
XRP - Federation without purpose
BUSD - Trust CZ
DOGE - Started out as a joke; still a joke
ADA - Academic-paced innovation
1/6) EGLD has completely solved the problem of MEV! (Miner Extractable Value)
A problem that ETH research still spends countless hours of research & debate over
All while this remains a non-issue in EGLD as they focus on more important things
The solution is elegantly simple:
BNB, XRP, MATIC & BTC are not DeFi!
The “De” stands for decentralization & “Fi” for finance
BNB, XRP & MATIC are centralized due to their permissioned blockchain architecture
BTC is just not capable of complex financial products
ETH, ADA, DOT, AVAX, NEAR, EGLD & XTZ is DeFi!
It is disappointing to see SOL go down today
There is a correct balance to be struck between innovation & stability; this is not it
I will investigate the cause of this outage in depth later
However, if SOL goes down more than twice this year, I will drop my support entirely!
1/9) SOL has the same economic model as ETH
Yet many act as if it is dangerously flawed
The only major difference to ETH is that it has high capacity & therefore lower fees
All of this criticism around SOL's economics is nonsense; a 1.5% inflation rate is not a fatal flaw:
1/6) In early April 2020, the Solana team stated that the total circulating supply was 8.2M
When in reality the total circulating supply was above 20M!
Marking the start of a long series of lies, fraud & deception by SOL
The following story is all based on verifiable evidence:
1/25) Solana has been marred in controversy since its founding
With frequent downtime, failures, hacks & scandals!
This is why I have put together a short & incomplete history of SOL's skeletons
Working our way down a colorful history of lies, fraud & dangerous trade-offs:
1/41) BTC is fools gold
It has a broken long-term security model
It lacks capacity, programmability & composability
With comparatively weak token economics
I abandoned BTC by 2017
Yet I still believe in Bitcoins original vision, which I first fell in love with back in 2013:
I am sorry for anyone who has lost capital due to FTX
Keep in mind that cryptocurrency is not fundamentally affected
Blocks continue to be created like clockwork
This reminds us that:
Trust in centralized authorities is exactly the problem blockchains were invented to solve!
Arbitrum, Optimism, Base, Blast, Starknet & ZkSync all have admin keys!
All of the top L2s can steal all user funds right now
If this is considered safe, then we might as well go back to legacy banking
ETH gives decentralization lip service, but actions speak louder than words
Arbitrum, Optimism, Base, ZkSync & DyDx all have admin keys
These are the top 5 L2s & they can all steal user funds right now
If this is considered safe, then we might as well go back to legacy banking
ETH gives decentralization lip service, but actions speak louder than words
1/5) I have softened up on SOL over time
The network effects are undeniable, even after taking inflated metrics into account
Stability has improved by fixing the very issues I pointed out years ago
Since ETH pivoted away from L1 scaling; SOL has become a strong opposing voice:
BTC has become a joke; I can barely take it seriously from a tech perspective
It has an outdated & broken design
While being hopelessly unequipped to improve due to its own politics & governance
Yet it tops out in market cap; this is why I will keep warning you of its downfall
BTC is a dead end
Lighting adoption is a pipe dream, with a UX only usable with custodians
Spending hundreds of terawatts on a speculative asset & spinning it as environmentally friendly is delusional at best
No capacity means no utility & without utility; there is no security
Solana is failing right now
The rate of dropped TXs has degraded SOL's UX to an unacceptable state
Victory laps by modular scaling advocates are premature, though, as this will be fixed within weeks
SOL will return to reliably hosting more TPS than ETH & all L2s combined soon!
1/36) BTC's security model is broken
It has to double in price every 4 years for a century or sustain extremely high fees!
Just to maintain the present level of security...
Which is impossible, as it exceeds global GDP within 31 years
Therefore, BTC security is doomed!🧵
1/11) Kaspa lacks key features that are critical for L1 blockchains
KAS has no Turing-complete smart contracts or PoS!
Chains without these two features are uncompetitive, no matter how scalable they are
KAS claims to be technologically advanced, yet it fails to measure up:
The real bitcoiners left BTC by 2017
What BTC became had nothing to do with the original intent, vision, or purpose
BTC has, in fact, totally abandoned Satoshi's vision; it was meant to be P2P Cash, not a pet rock!
That is why real bitcoiners support BTC's competitors instead!
It has been great visiting SOL's Breakpoint conference this week
Exciting to learn about all of the new developments, especially Firedancer!
I have high hopes that it will be able to achieve massive scalability
As it is breaking new ground in terms of single-shard performance
6/6) The total circulating supply was now 16M, double the supply promised in April!
After this they just moved on,
Not even publishing this release on any of their official announcement channels.
This is just one example of a pattern of behavior exposing SOL's bad character.
1/9) Stop saying that sharding is too hard or impossible
When several cryptocurrencies have succeeded in implementing this technology today
Solving the scaling trilemma by achieving massive scale while preserving decentralization
Let me explain; using EGLD as a living example:
I do not support SOL; far too many red flags:
SOLs founders were caught lying about supply & made false statements about TPS
SOL falsely inflates usage by design & its ecosystem was complicit in faking peak TVL numbers
Any blockchain with downtime is also utterly unacceptable!
@SuiNetwork
I love SUI's tech, but the token distribution is garbage
You are making it worse by doubling down on some terrible takes
"Unallocated" allocations, seriously?
It comes across as defensive & insincere; clean up your communication, please; this is bad:
1/7) The SUI Foundation responded!
Turns out all of SUI's "unallocated" supply has been allocated...
"Every token that will be released has been allocated"
Now, who is really being dishonest here? 84% of SUI stake is still controlled by "founders"! 🧵
Everybody loves to hate Solana
Not for what it is, but for what it was & represented; update your damm thesis!
SOL is a different beast now, so stop with the BS criticisms & recognize SOL for what it has become
We should praise SOL for carrying the L1 scaling torch of freedom!
1/6) The good, the bad and the ugly of cryptocurrency:
The ugly; Matic's & Arbitrum's admin keys can steal all user funds! A total value of over $2B!
Chainlink's admin keys allow for the manipulation of its price oracles, which are used across DeFi
Putting over $40B at risk!
1/7) The SUI Foundation responded!
Turns out all of SUI's "unallocated" supply has been allocated...
"Every token that will be released has been allocated"
Now, who is really being dishonest here? 84% of SUI stake is still controlled by "founders"! 🧵
Recently, there have been some misleading posts issued about Sui’s token supply.
Let’s set the record straight, starting with the basics: locked tokens are locked by third-party custodians. They cannot be moved, and are safely custodied until they are unlocked according to Sui’s
SOL went down many times last year, in part due to a lack of fee markets
That was one of the reasons why I was a SOL critic
This year, SOL implemented local fee markets & it has been stable all year!
It would be irrational to stick to my critique; that is why I support SOL now
1/25) Algorand's technology is cutting edge
Highly scalable without sharding or L2s, boasting a TPS of up to 6k with 4-second finalization times & on-chain governance!
Unfortunately, ALGO is also centralized & permissioned:
Permissioned gatekeepers can censor any TX on a whim!
1/9) BTC has to double in value every four years for the next century or sustain extremely high fees
Just to maintain the current level of security
Such growth is impossible since it would exceed global GDP in 31 years based on current price
Therefore; BTC security is doomed!
BTC, XRP, BNB & XLM are not DeFi!
The “De” stands for decentralization & “Fi” for finance
BNB, XRP & XLM are centralized due to their permissioned blockchain architecture
BTC is just not capable of complex financial products
ETH, ADA, DOT, AVAX, NEAR, EGLD & XTZ are all DeFi!
1/11) Tether is one of the greatest threats to cryptocurrency right now:
With the potential of a collapse greater than Terra Luna's UST!
We have to trust they hold $74B in collateral without proof!
Even after the CFTC fined Tether for lying about their reserves in 2021...🧵
I am going to start a show where I will ask to be pitched by cryptocurrency founders
So I can respond with criticism & bring the listeners along on that journey
In some cases, I will come in fresh, so you can learn with me
I am making a schedule; so join me by responding here:
You cannot scale a blockchain through L2s
As it routes traffic away from the chain instead of actually scaling it
In reality, L2s are parasitically in competition with the L1 over fees!
This is why restricting L1 capacity in favor of L2s is a perversion; born from corruption!
1/9) BTC is a dinosaur; the technology is ridiculously out-of-date
At an embarrassing 7-13 maximum Transaction-Per-Second, it is in a position to disrupt nothing
All while being the most inefficient possible, as it excels at nothing
From utility to economics, BTC is a failure:
1/9) Tezos released enshrined roll-ups yesterday
Achieving massive scale while preserving decentralization
Utilizing the advantages of roll-ups without the disadvantages of L2 scaling
ETH should pay attention or get left behind; talk is cheap; scalable blockchains have arrived
1/31) Scaling a blockchain exclusively through L2s is a terrible idea
As it comes with horrible UX & trust trade-offs; pushing people into centralization
Inevitably leading to failure; as users move to scalable chains instead
L2s have become the greatest source of corruption:
BTC should not be taken seriously as an investment
As it is an emperor wearing no clothes; without utility or long-term security
Making it a purely speculative asset, contrary to the original goals of the project
Here are fourteen reasons why you should not invest in BTC: 🧵
Why would anyone choose an L2 ecosystem over an L1 ecosystem?
Worse UX, fragmentation, trust trade-offs, bridges, higher total fees & lack of composability
ETH is coasting off its past success; usage only moved to L2s because ETH failed to meet demand
Better L1 options exist!
2/6) A consequence of PoH is deterministic block creation:
There is a good reason why public blockchains before SoL did not take this route
Non-deterministic block creation adds to security & censorship resistance as you cannot predict who will create the next block
3/6) Instead in SoL it is possible to predict & therefore attack the next block producers inline
For instance attacking the next 100 validators inline instead of attacking the entire network
This attack also works regardless of scale, thereby severely reducing SOL security
Solana is Ethereum's punishment for complacency
The more centralized YOU think SOL is, the sweeter the revenge
For some maddening reason, ETH developers think they can keep the lead with high fees & bad UX...
Even when ETH's success was built on the promise of L1 scalability!
Credit where credit is due, out of the top fifty cryptocurrencies by market cap;
Nine have successfully implemented on-chain governance:
#DOT
,
#ATOM
,
#TON
,
#LIDO
,
#ALGO
,
#ICP
,
#AAVE
,
#EOS
&
#XTZ
Congratulations, you are the future! Adopt governance to support decentralization
Algorand just announced how they will remove relays
This is a big deal; a real commitment to decentralization
I criticized the relay nodes & suggested changes; removing them works as well!
I wonder how this affects TPS? The trade-off is worth it either way; welcome to the club
In terms of "fully deployed" sharded PoS chains:
There is only one; EGLD
Am I missing any cryptocurrencies? Future promises do not count; it has to be implemented now on a public chain
Help me discover what other chains deserve more of our attention, as sharding is the future!
The SEC's actions against cryptocurrency is exactly what we needed
As it gives our ecosystem more legitimacy & a chance to prove them wrong in court!
Regulation gives clarity, paving the way for institutional adoption
Do not let fear get the better of you; the future is bright
BTC has been completely obsoleted by ETH.
I believe in a multi-coin future, however BTC has nothing unique to offer in that regard.
It fails to be competitive in every possible way.
If there were trade offs both could co-exist, but ETH can do everything BTC can, better & more.
1/19) There are three approaches to scaling a blockchain:
1. "L2 scaling" (BTC, ETH, TIA)
2. Parallelization (SOL, APT, SUI)
3. Sharding (TON, NEAR, EGLD)
Sharding is the future & parallelization is inevitable
There is no doubt in my mind that this is how it will all play out:
After my first day at the
#xDay
conference, I have to admit something:
I was super impressed by the founders & team behind EGLD!
Do not worry, I am not becoming a maximalist, just excited to meet a great team on the forefront of sharding
L1 scaling is clearly the future!
BTC is fools gold
It has become a purely speculative game of greater fool theory
Only buying an asset based on an expectation of future price gains is no different from the modus operandi of a Ponzi scheme investor
BTC is not competitive with a broken long-term security model!
4/6) EGLD has already fully implemented sharding:
The holy trinity; state, execution & data sharding!
All fully interoperable, exactly what ETH is trying to build!
EGLD has already developed much of the technology
Now they just need to build up their ecosystem to catch up
Achieving massive scale while preserving decentralization is the holy grail of cryptocurrency
Do not let anyone tell you this is impossible!
ETH gave up on this vision way too soon, as several competing chains have now achieved this
Leaving ETH behind in the dustbin of history
BTC does not solve any real-world problems at scale because it cannot scale at all
The promise of a fixed supply is a lie, as the security model is unsustainable
Support in BTC is based on belief, not utility or value
BTC is now a purely speculative vehicle for greed & naivety
1/25) BTC is fools gold
A purely speculative game of greater fool theory
Without security or scarcity, BTC is not competitive
I abandoned it completely by 2016
Most do not know that BTC completely changed since that time
BTC is no longer P2P Electronic Cash or sound money!
1/25) Chainlink's use of admin keys has the potential to bring down most of DeFi!
LINK serves such a critical role in the DeFi ecosystem
That if those keys are ever compromised, it will cause a black swan that shakes DeFi's core!
That is the devil that hides in LINK's details:
Any blockchain that does not scale is a joke
A stain on our entire industry holding us back from global adoption
Due to BTC & ETH not scaling, most people now think cryptocurrency is slow, expensive & without utility!
The very opposite of what blockchains are truly capable of!
Layer two scaling is a poor excuse for not scaling the L1
Over 90% of L2 usage is on protocols that can steal user funds, including Optimism, Arbitrum & Polygon!
As they rely on admin keys for their smart contracts
Expecting this to change is naive at best & malicious at worst
Stay away from HEX; it is clearly a scam
Technically not a Ponzi scheme but something worse
HEX enriches its founder through ponzinomics; collecting all raised funds & a majority of HEX supply!
Caught manipulating the ICO & faking usage; only scratches the surface of this con
1/9) Ethereum is becoming the antithesis of the decentralization ethos
As it is pushing people into custodian & trusted "L2 scaling" solutions
While rejecting on-chain governance in favor of a centralized & permissioned decision-making process
That is not what I signed up for!
What is happening in cryptocurrency now is awesome
There has been a narrative shift away from ETH in favor of scalable L1s such as SOL, AVAX, NEAR & EGLD
Validating the criticisms of ETH's "L2 scaling" roadmap
The future is so bright as the blockchain trilemma has been solved!
BTC might not have an active founder, but it certainly does have a team, ironically known as Bitcoin Core
Who, over the years, have captured BTC
As they can effectively gatekeep any rule changes
This is how BTC, without formalized governance, has become extremely centralized!
BTC has been completely obsoleted by ETH.
I believe in a multi-coin future, however BTC has nothing unique to offer in that regard.
It fails to be competitive in every possible way.
If there were trade offs both could co-exist, but ETH can do everything BTC can, better & more.
If you now doubt your favourite chain because it underperformed
Then you lack conviction!
Price performance over the last month is meaningless, compared to the fundamentals
If you are in it for the long run, then ignore the meme coins & dinosaurs; keep your eyes on the prize!
1/14) There is so much nonsense in cryptocurrency!
We have to cut through all the BS; to find the gems
Out of the top 20 in market-cap, only 5 are even respectable!
An abysmal number, exposing the immaturity of our space
These are the top 20 according to Fundamental Analysis:
ETH has 10x the capacity of BTC
SOL has 10x the capacity of ETH
Why is it so difficult to get people to recognize technological progress? The answer lies in their bags
Sharded chains such as TON, NEAR & EGLD have 10x the capacity of SOL; instead of denial, SOL is scaling more!
1/25) Polygon is still highly insecure & centralized!
It would only take 5 people to compromise over $4B.
4 of these individuals are the founders of Polygon!
Representing one of the largest hacks ever, just waiting to happen.
Reckless & irresponsible, a warning to the wise:
EGLD has a capacity of 100k+ TPS, with a theoretical limit of 1M+ TPS! (Sharding)
NEAR will implement sharding as well, along with TON, SHM & more
SOL usage exceeds 1k+ TPS & capacity is increasing (Parallelization)
ETH is maxed out at 100 TPS & has ZERO plans to scale its L1!
Ethereum has the best possible economic model for a cryptocurrency
All blockchains should adopt this; tail inflation & fee-burning!
An elegant solution to BTC's security dilemma, by making supply algorithmic;
ETH remains more secure & scarce compared to BTC; a perfect design!
I am overjoyed that SOL is gaining so much traction!
As a critic of ETH's scaling roadmap; I see SOL's success as a direct consequence of ETH's failure to scale
A harsh lesson in free market economics that I hope the community will acknowledge
Because ETH has to evolve or die!
I do not support Matic; far too much centralization risk:
The Polygon admin key is secured by a 5 out of 8 multisig. Adding insult to injury; 4 are owned by the founders!
After years of criticism & a refusal to change
We must draw a line in the sand & stop trusting bad actors!
BTC's governance is effectively centralized under Bitcoin Core
There is 1 lead maintainer who has the final say; making it a dictatorship
Like all dictatorships, there are limits to what they can get away with
However, this is still a total perversion of true decentralization!
1/22) Two of my favorite blockchains; NEAR & EGLD
Preserve decentralization while achieving massive scale through sharding
However, they both lack on-chain governance, a critical piece in the puzzle of blockchain design
I advise following my six principles for good governance:
Satoshi Nakamoto was a big blocker
This contradicts maxi narratives, as it exposes the capture & resulting pivot of BTC!
The truth is that Satoshi would oppose everything that BTC stands for today
As the facts of history expose BTC for abandoning its own founding principles:
1/9) Solana has far too many red flags
With a long history of lies, fraud & dangerous design decisions
Last week, SOL crashed for the 12th time, causing close to 20hrs of downtime!
My new critique exposes patterns of bad behavior; far beyond redemption:
4/6) SOL security is not just reduced against DDoS attacks since this attack can also be combined with a 51% attack
Allowing an attacker to temporarily gain proportional staked control over the network by attacking other large stake holders
These are all consequences of PoH!
1/9) There is a good reason why some are surprised by the BNB rollback today
Even though BNB has always been entirely centralized & permissioned!
As BNB seems decentralized to an untrained eye
However, its 21 "validators" are chosen by a committee of 11, controlled by Binance!
It would take more than seventy years for everyone in the world to do a single BTC transaction!
Some have proposed the Lightning Network as a solution
However, onboarding people onto LN in a non-custodial way requires several on-chain TXs!
BTC is truly a technological dead end
1/21) I used to be one of Solana's biggest critics
Covering the fake usage numbers, centralized design, downtime, lies & fraud
In this thread, we go over all my old critiques one by one & explore how SOL has changed:
Let me explain as we pivot for decentralization's sake:
Comparing Solana to Ethereum's early history is not a fair comparison
ETH never had any downtime in its entire history, unlike SOL!
ETH's founders never got caught lying, unlike SOL!
ETH is far from perfect but SOL's numerous red flags cannot be excused through comparison
L2s are a terrible replacement for L1 scaling
In fact, L2s do not scale the L1 at all; if anything L2s compete with the L1 over fees
Weakening the security & economics of the L1
All while delivering worse UX, lower security & fragmenting liquidity
"L2 scaling" is parasitical!